GOOD

AFTERNOON,
EVERYONE!
Expressing Opinion and Taking a Stand on an
Issue: Critical Thinking and Fallacies

At the end of the discussion, students will be able to:

Expressing Opinion and Taking a Stand on an
Issue: Critical Thinking and Fallacies

At the end of the discussion, students will be able to:

Explain the
importance of
expressing one’s
opinion;
Expressing Opinion and Taking a Stand on an
Issue: Critical Thinking and Fallacies

At the end of the discussion, students will be able to:

Describe the
process on how
to argue
logically;
Expressing Opinion and Taking a Stand on an
Issue: Critical Thinking and Fallacies

At the end of the discussion, students will be able to:

Define critical
thinking, logic,
and rhetoric;
and
Expressing Opinion and Taking a Stand on an
Issue: Critical Thinking and Fallacies

At the end of the discussion, students will be able to:

Determine
sample of
logical fallacies.
Expressing Opinion and Taking a Stand on an
Issue: Critical Thinking and Fallacies

At the end of the discussion, students will be able to:

Explain the Describe the Define critical Determine
importance of process on how thinking, logic, sample logical
expressing one’s to argue and rhetoric; fallacies
opinion; logically; and
In your opinion/perspective, why
do you think most of the Disney
Princesses don’t have a mother
in their stories?
In an interview, Disney producer Don Hahn said
that this was most likely due to a tragic accident
that Walt Disney actually experienced. Back in
the day, he bought a house for both of his
parents to live in. He had it renovated from top
to bottom, including of course the kitchen oven.
However, there was a gas leak that claimed his
mother’s life (and caused his father to be
hospitalized).
 All of us can have our own
opinions depending on how we
perceive a case/situation.
However, voicing different
opinions can lead to heated
arguments. This usually happens
especially when we fail to
understand the point of view of
the other party.
How can we benefit ourselves if
we voice our opinion and engage
in a discussion?
 Engaging in a healthy
argumentation and exchange of
views could actually help explore
the different angles of an issue.
This will lead us to formulate or
come up with a wise decision or
conclusion.
ARGUMENTATION
ARGUMENTATION
A way of expressing one’s view entails responsibilities. In
expressing our views, we must not fabricate
information, promote discrimination and hatred, and
violate one’s right to privacy. Suarez (2018)
ARGUMENTATION
•process of forming reasons, justifying beliefs, and
drawing conclusions with the aim of influencing the
thoughts and/or actions of others

•asserted by formulating a thesis statement.

THESIS STATEMENT
Excelsior Online Writing Lab (2020), is a one-to-two-
sentence statement that presents the main idea and
makes an claim about your issue.
State the main idea of a written/speaking discourse and
help control the ideas within the discussion. It is NOT
MERELY A TOPIC.
 HOW TO WRITE A GREAT THESIS
STATEMENT
INGREDIENTS DIRECTIONS
• Mention the main topic of your paper
• Topic • Take a position and state your argument.
• Position • Summarize the evidence you’ll use to
support your argument
• Evidence
 READING
Reading can develop a child's analytical mind.

Reading develops a child's mind by fostering

comprehension skills, increasing vocabulary, and
exposing them to new worlds they might not otherwise
encounter.
 EXERCISE
Everyone should exercise.

Everyone should add exercise to their daily morning

routine because it not only keeps their bodies at a
healthy weight but also reduces the risk of high blood
pressure.
 INTERNET
The internet has improved the lives of many

The internet serves as a means of a useful tool, connecting

people across the globe, fostering new friendships, and an
exchange of ideas that wouldn't have occurred before its
inception.
 How do you argue with other people?

Source: https://thewordplayer.wordpress.com/2014/09/17/

ARGUING =/ QUARRELING/
YELLING
 HOW TO ARGUE LOGICALLY?
Examine an issue by Formulate your
doing relevant argumentative thesis by
Choose the side you
identifying the general
research on its would like to support. subject and the specific
different dimensions. focus or controlling idea.

Listen to your opponent’s

Make a summary of arguments and weigh their Present your
the key arguments. evidence. Acknowledge their valid arguments and their
points and point out the
Conclude with a call weaknesses in their claims. corresponding
to action. Rebuild your arguments based on evidence.
the counter-claims.
What do you usually use
in analyzing?

CRITICAL
THINKING
 CRITICAL
THINKING
• The ability to think clearly and rationally, understanding the
logical connection between ideas.

• Can be described as the ability to engage in reflective and

independent thinking.

• A vital skill that enables individuals to analyze, evaluate, and

interpret information effectively.
 CRITICAL
THINKING
ANALYZE
Critical thinking requires breaking down complex
information into its component parts and examining them
systematically. This involves identifying assumptions,
biases, and logical fallacies.
 CRITICAL
THINKING
EVALUATE
Critical thinking involves assessing the credibility,
relevance, and quality of information and arguments. It
requires considering multiple perspectives and weighing
evidence objectively.
 CRITICAL
THINKING
INTERPRET (JUDGMENT)
Critical thinking involves making reasoned judgments
based on the analysis and evaluation of information. It
requires drawing logical conclusions and considering the
implications of different viewpoints.
 You are a critical thinker if you:
• Question ideas first before you accept them.
• See beyond the information that is given to you.
• Open your mind to different possibilities.
• Listen to what the others have to say.
• Examine and re-examine an issue’s various dimensions
before making conclusions.
• Substantiate your conclusions with valid and reliable proofs.
FALLACIES
How do we usually react
whenever people make
illogical statements?
Fallacies reflect flaws and
inconsistencies in your
reasoning..
Logical fallacies can be unintentional
errors in reasoning or deliberate
attempts to deceive, manipulate, or
persuade others by using faulty logic.
 AD BACULUM
 also known as the "appeal to force" or
"appeal to the stick,"
 occurs when someone tries to persuade
another person to accept their argument by
threatening or using force, coercion, or
intimidation.
 EXAMPLE
Parents:
You will do all your chores or I
will not give you an allowance
for 1 week.
 EXAMPLE
Person A: "I don't think your proposal for the project is
well-thought-out. The budget allocation seems
unrealistic."

Person B: "Well, if you don't agree with me, you might

find yourself without a job soon. I suggest you support my
proposal."
AD VERECUNDIAM
 also known as the "appeal to authority,“
 occurs when someone argues that a
statement must be true because it is made
by an authority figure or an expert on
the subject, without providing valid
reasoning or evidence.
 EXAMPLE
Manny Pacquiao, a professional
boxer, lectures us about law.
 EXAMPLE
"The founding fathers believed in freedom of
speech. Therefore, any restrictions on speech are
unconstitutional."
 Never have I ever questioned the
wisdom of my grandparents; they've
lived longer, so they must know
everything.
Appeal to authority
 AD POPULUM
 also known as the "appeal to the people"
or "bandwagon argument,“
 occurs when someone argues that a
statement or claim is true because it is
widely believed or accepted by many
people.
 EXAMPLE
Bisexual marriage is immoral
because 80% of Filipinos said
so.
 EXAMPLE
A great number of people are turning to
yoga as a way to get in touch with their inner
being. Therefore, yoga is a way of
connecting with the inner self.
AD HOMINEM
 occurs when an argument is
attacked based on irrelevant
characteristics of the person
making the argument, rather than
addressing the substance of the
argument itself.
 EXAMPLE
Lawyer: Your witness must not be credible
because he is in jail for 20 years. He must not
be telling the truth.
 EXAMPLE
"His arguments about education reform
are useless because he never finished
college."
Never have I ever cheated on a
test like some people here.

Ad Hominem
TU QUOQUE
 Also known as the "appeal to hypocrisy“
 occurs when someone deflects criticism or
responds to an argument by pointing out
the opponent's hypocrisy or
inconsistency, rather than addressing the
argument itself.
 EXAMPLE
Parents: “Don’t smoke. It’s bad for your health. It
could damage your lungs, so don’t ever try.”

You reply, “You used to smoke when you were my

age. You did it, too!”
 EXAMPLE
Employee: "Why are you reprimanding me for
being late? I've seen you coming in late too!"
AD MISERICORDIAM
 also known as the “appeal to pity” or
“appeal to sympathy”
 occurs when someone attempts to win support
for their argument or conclusion by eliciting
pity or compassion from the audience, rather
than providing relevant evidence or
reasoning.
 EXAMPLE
I know that the exam is graded based on
performance, but you should give a high score to
me. My parents are sick, my dog died and I
had a fever. It was really hard for me to study.
 EXAMPLE
"I should be given the job because I recently lost my
spouse, and I need stability for my family in this
difficult time. Hiring me would help us cope with our
emotional and financial struggles."
SURPRISE….

TASK!!
AD IGNORATIAM
The arguer says, “Look, there’s no
conclusive evidence on the issue at hand”.
Therefore, you should accept my conclusion
on this issue.
 EXAMPLE
Unless you show me my failed test
paper, then I am not failed.

Unless the court proves that you are

guilty, then you are innocent.
 HASTY
GENERALIZATION
It makes assumptions about a whole
group or range of cases based on an
inadequate sample.
 EXAMPLE
I went to 7-11 to buy Coke. I noticed that the price is
expensive. I went to another aisle and picked a
chocolate. The price is also expensive. I concluded
that all products in 7-11 are expensive.
 MISSING THE
 The POINT
premises of an argument do
support a particular conclusion—
but not the conclusion that the arguer
actually draws.
 EXAMPLE
Crimes of robbery, murder, and rape have been
increasing at an alarming rate lately.
Hence, we must reinstate the death penalty
immediately.
 EXAMPLE
Abi: “I believe we should invest more in renewable
energy sources.”
Gail: “Speaking of energy, have you seen how
expensive gas prices are these days?”

Gail shifts the topic of conversation away from renewable

energy, avoiding the original point.
 POST HOC, ERGO PROMPTER
HOC
 (Latin for "after this, therefore
because of this")
 occurs when someone assumes
that because one event follows
another, the first event must have
caused the second.
 EXAMPLE
Pacquiao changed his religion before his boxing
fight against Marquez.

Since he changed his religion, he lost the match.

 EXAMPLE
The rooster always crows before the sun rises.

Therefore, the crowing rooster causes the sun to

rise.
 NON – SEQUITUR
 It occurs when a conclusion
doesn’t logically follow its
premises.
 EXAMPLE
I saw you carry a child in your arms. You
must be a mother already.
 SLIPPERY SLOPE
 It is a logical fallacy that claims one event or
action will lead to another, more extreme
event or action.
 EXAMPLE
If you lose your pen, you can’t take the test.
If you can’t take the test, you will fail.
If you fail, you will not graduate.
If you do not graduate, you will have no job.
If you don’t have a job, you will be poor.
If you don’t want to be poor, bring your ballpen.
 WEAK ANALOGY
 It occurs when a person draws a comparison between
two concepts to link them together in an argument even
though the connection is not strong enough.
 EXAMPLE
Mother:
Son, choose your friends wisely. A good apple
becomes spoiled if it is added to rotten ones.
 STRAWMAN
 It distorts or misrepresents someone’s
argument in order to make an easy defeat.
 EXAMPLE
Ian tells Angel, his girlfriend, that he doesn’t want to
dine out tonight. Angel got angry and told him never
wanted to go out with her anymore.
 FALSE
DICHOTOMY
 It occurs when a limited number of choices or
outcomes are presented as the only options
when, in fact, more options exist.
 EXAMPLE
If you say a bad word in my class, either I will
kiss you or you will kiss me.
 BEGGING THE
QUESTION
 This fallacy occurs when the conclusion is
assumed to be true in the argument’s premises.
 Sally never
tell lies

We know this We know it’s

because true because

Sally told
us so
EQUIVOCATION
 A word or phrase is used with a
different meaning to create a
fallacy.
 EXAMPLE
Rizal is disgusting!

(Do you mean the person, the course

or the place?)
 EXAMPLE
Driver: I am not drunk driving. I only drank 2
bottles of beer before I drove away.

Police: Do you mean you drank even the bottles

themselves?
 Never have I ever dated someone
from SEAITE dept; they're all too
fast-paced and self-absorbed, right?

Hasty generalization
Never have I ever failed a test since I
started manifesting, proving that
manifestations are the key to success.

POST HOC
 Never have I ever believed in forever
because, until we have concrete evidence,
it's just a wild fantasy
Appeal to ignorance
 Never have I ever missed a single class
discussion because if I did, I'd quickly fail
my exams and become a failure.
Slippery slope