 Section 1: Displaying Data

 Creating and Exporting Tables

 Creating graphs and Scatter Plot
 Modifying and exporting graphs
 Section 2: Summarizing data
 Producing frequency distribution
 Descriptive Statistics
 Cross tabulations
 Section 3: Inferential Statistics
 Chi-square tests
 T-test
 ANOVA
 Correlation analysis
 Regression analysis
Displaying Data
 Output Viewer:
 The results from running a statistical procedure are
displayed in the Viewer.
 The output produced can be statistical tables, charts or

graphs, or text, depending on the choices you make when

you run the procedure.
 The viewer window is divided into two panes.
 The outline pane (left side): contains an outline of all of

the information stored in the Viewer.

 The contents pane (right hand side): contains statistical

tables, charts, and text output.

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The icons in the outline pane can
have two forms namely:
1. The open book icon: indicates that it
is currently visible in the Viewer
2. The closed book icon: indicates that it
is not currently be visible in the viewer.
 Displaying Tables:

Tables
– Much of the output in SPSS is displayed in a pivot table
format .
The procedure for creating tables from the menu-bar select
Analyze
Table
Custom Tables.
Then simply drag and drop variables where we want them to
appear in the table.
– To edit the text in any SPSS output table, you should first
double-click that table
– Some of the most commonly used editing techniques are
Changing column width and altering text
Editing text
Using basic editing commands, such as cut,
copy, delete, and paste
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Aside from changing the text in a table, you may also wish
to change the appearance of the table itself using Table
look concept.

To modify an existing table, right-click on an active

pivot table, then select the Table Properties menu
item. This will produce the following dialog box:.
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Exporting Tables in SPSS:

The three options for exporting tables are: Copy, Copy object, and Export.

The Copy option copies the text and preserves the rows and columns of your
table but does not copy formatting, such as colors and borders

The Copy object method will copy the table exactly as it appears in the SPSS
Output Viewer. It can be more difficult to change the appearance of the table
once it has been imported.

The third method, Export, allows you to save the table as an HTML or an ASCII
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Summary Statistics:
Right-click on variable category on the canvas pane and select
Summary Statistics from the pop-up context menu.
In the Summary Statistics dialog box, select Row N % in the
Statistics list and click the arrow button to add it to the Display list.
both the counts and row percentages will be displayed in the table.
Click Apply to Selection to save these settings and return to the table
builder.
To insert totals and subtotals click categories and totals in the
define section
Then click ok.
 For scale variable we can display summaries statistics ( mean,
median, …) in the cells of the table
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Stacking Variables:

Taking separate tables and pasting them together into

the same display.

To Stack Variables:
– In the variable list, select all of the variables you want to
stack, then drag and drop them together into the rows or
columns of the canvas pane. Or

– Drag and drop variables separately, dropping each variable

either above or below existing variables in the rows or to the
right or left of existing variables in the columns.
Histograms
Making histograms is one of the best ways to
check your data for normality.
– From the Graphs menu, select "Histogram."
– Put your variable in the "variable" box.
Bar Chart:
Bar Charts are a common way to graphically display
the data that represent the frequency of each level
of a variable
Graphs
Bar...
This will produce the following dialog box:
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To get started with the bar graph, click on the
icon representing the type of graph that you
want, then click on the Define button to produce
the following dialog box
Creating a Pie chart:
used to present categorical variable
From the menu bar choose
Graph
Pie chart
Summaries of group of cases
then select slices be represented by ( % )
of cases
click ok
To edit the output of a pie chart double
click it.
We can also create a panel Pie chart by
inserting another categorical variable row-
wise or column-wise
Creating Scatter plots:
Scatter plots give you a tool for visualizing the relationship
between two or more variables
Scatter plots are especially useful when you are examining the
relationship between continuous variables using statistical
techniques such as correlation or regression.
Scatter plots are also often used to evaluate the bivariate
relationships in regression analyses.
To obtain a scatter plot in SPSS
Graphs
Scatter...
This will produce the following dialog box:
Simple scatterplot
The Simple scatterplot graphs the relationship between two
variables
When you select the Simple option from the initial dialog box,
you will get the following dialog box:

we can also have SPSS draw different colored markers for each
group by entering a group variable in the Set Markers by box.
Modifying your scatter plot
double-click on the chart
Chart
Options...
To get the following dialog box
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Some of the most useful options that will add
information to your scatterplot are the Fit Line options.
The Fit Line option will allow you to plot a regression
line over your scatter plot. Click on the Fit Options
button to get this dialog box:
Exercise

1. Let us consider a small data set given below.

x 400 675 475 350 425 600 550 325 675 450
y 1.8 3.8 2.8 1.7 2.8 3.1 2.6 1.9 3.2 2.3

After entering these data into SPSS plot the scatter plot. What type relationship
do you observe between x and y? Is an increase in x followed by an increase in y?
2. Produce a scatter plot for the following data and discuss the results.
x 400 675 475 350 425 600 550 325 675 450
y -1.8 -3.8 -2.8 -1.7 -2.8 -3.1 -2.6 -1.9 -3.2 -2.3
The Matrix scatter plot:
used to visualize the relationship between two or more
variables.
A variable is plotted with every other variable.
Every combination is plotted twice so that each variable
appears on both the X and Y axis.
Considerer a Matrix scatter plot with three variables,
salary, salbegin, and jobtime, you would receive the
following scatterplot matrix:
Overlay Scatterplot
It allows you to plot two scatterplots on top of each other
The plots are distinguished by color on the overlaid plot.
The procedure is as follows.
From the menu bar choose
graph
Scatter/Dots…
overlay option
consider the Employee.sav data set in SPSS; we can plot education by
beginning and current salaries by pairing the variables educ with
salbegin and educ with salary.
Summarizing data

A common first step in data analysis is to

summarize information about variables in your
dataset such as the mean and variance
Producing frequency distribution
Descriptive Statistics
Cross tabulations
 Producing Frequency distribution
It is more useful to investigate the numbers of cases that fall into various
categories.
Frequency tables are useful for summarizing categorical variables -- variables
with a limited number of distinct categories.
From the menu bar chose:
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies...
Under Frequencies dialog box you can choose Statistics, Chart and Format
button to add what ever you want
Chart button, for instance, has different types of charts such as bar, pie and
histogram
For example, clicking on the Histograms button with its sub
option, With normal curve will produce a histogram with bell shaped
diagram.
Descriptive Statistics
The Descriptive Statistics table provides summary statistics for
continuous, numeric variables.
From the menu bar chose:
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive...
Descriptive option available from the Analyze and Descriptive
Statistics menus:This will produce the following dialog box
Cross tabulation
It give information about the relationship between only
categorical variables
To do so follow the following steps
Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Cross tabs…
After selecting Crosstabs from the menu, the dialog box shown
below will appear on your monitor
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The options available by selecting the Statistics and Cells
buttons provide you with several additional output features.
Selecting the Cells button will produce a menu that allows
you to add additional values to your table.
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Three way tables ( Adding a layer variable):
It can be formed by adding a layer variable.
You can add a layer variable to create a three-way table in which
categories of the row and column variables are further
subdivided by categories of the layer variable.
This variable is sometimes referred to as the control variable
because it may reveal how the relationship between the row and
column variables changes when you "control" for the effects of
the third variable.
Procedure
– Open the Crosstabs dialog box again.
– Click Cells.
Click Continue.
Select one variable as the layer variable.
Click OK to run the procedure
Inferential Statistics
The chi-square measures test the hypothesis that the row and
column variables in a crosstabulation are independent.
The difference between observed and expected values is the basis
of the Chi-square statistic.
After opening the Crosstabs dialog box as described in the
preceding section, click the Statistics button to get the following
dialog box:
T tests
The t test is a useful technique for comparing
mean values of two sets of numbers
The comparison will provide you with a statistic
for evaluating whether the difference between
two means is statistically significant
T tests can be used either to compare
independent-samples t test or paired-samples t
test
There are three types of t tests; the options are
all located under the Analyze menu item
Analyze
Compare Means
One-Sample T test...
Independent-Samples T test...
Paired-Samples T test...
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one-sample t test:
– used to compare a single sample with a population value
– tests whether the mean of a single variable differs from a specified
constant
The independent-sample t test:
– used to compare two groups' scores on the same variable.
– In independent-Sample T test dialog box we have to identify the
grouping variable or cut point by clicking on define groups button
after dragging the grouping variable.
The paired-sample t test:
– compares the means of two variables that represent the same
group at different times (e.g. before and after an event) or
related groups (e.g., husbands and wives).
– In paired sample T test dialog box we have to choose two
variables from the left side box to paired variable box
Note: By clicking on Option button we can specify whatever we
want
 One way Analysis of Variance:
The One-Way ANOVA compares the mean of one or
more groups based on one independent variable (or
factor)
From the menus choose:
Analyze
Compare Means
One-Way ANOVA
Move all dependent variables into the box labeled
"Dependent List"
Move the independent variable into the box labeled
"Factor"
Click on the button labeled "Options"
Check off the boxes for Descriptives and Homogeneity of
Variance
Click on the box marked "Post Hoc" and choose the
appropriate post hoc comparison
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The two groups have approximately equal variance on
the dependent variable. You can check this by looking
at the Levene's Test
If Levene's statistic is significant, we have evidence
that the homogeneity assumption has been violated.
If it is a problem, you can re-run the analysis selecting
the option for "Equal Variances Not Assumed"
Hypotheses:
– Null: There are no significant differences between
the groups' mean scores.
– Alternate: There is a significant difference between
the groups' mean scores.
Correlation
Correlation: Are a measure of the linear relationship between
two variables
 To obtain a correlation in SPSS, start at the Analyze men
 Select the Correlate option from this menu
By selecting this menu item, you will see that there are three
options for correlating variables:
Bivariate,
Partial, and
Distances
The bivariate correlation is for situations where you are
interested only in the relationship between two variables
To obtain a bivariate correlation, choose the following menu
option:
Analyze
Correlate
Bivariate...
Drag the necessary variables to Variables dialog box
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The partial correlation measures an association
between two variables with the effects of one or more
other variables factored out
To obtain a partial correlation, select the following
menu item:
– Analyze
Correlate
Partial...
Under partial correlation dialog box we have to
select necessary variable to Variable box and
controlling for box
Partial correlations can be especially useful in
situations where it is not obvious whether variables
possess a unique relationship or whether several
variables overlap with each other
Linear Regression:
Regression is a technique that can be used to investigate the effect of one or more predictor variables on an outcome variable
To conduct a regression analysis, select the following from the Analyze menu
Analyze
Regression
Linear...
This will produce the following dialog box:

R is the multiple correlation coefficient between all of the predictor variables and the dependent variable