3 Group: GEN Chemistry

GROUP3
GEN
CHEMISTRY
DISTILLATION
“IT IS DEFINED AS SEPARATION OF COMPONENTS OF LIQUID
MIXTURE BY PROCESS INVOLVING VAPORIZATION & THEN
CONDENSATION AT ANOTHER PLACE.”
IT INVOLVES TWO STEPS:

01). CONVERTING A LIQUID INTO VAPOUR.
02). TRANSFERRING THE VAPOUR TO ANOTHER PLACE &

RECOVERING THE LIQUID BY CONDENSATION.
THE FEED LIQUID IS KNOWNS AS “DISTILLATION” AND THE

CONDENSATE LIQUID IS CALLED “DISTILLATE OR
CONDENSATE”.
APPLICATION - Separation of volatile oil.
- Purification of organic solvents.
- Manufacturing of official preparation.
- Refineries of petroleum products.
- Recovery of solvents.
- Separation of drugs obtained from plant & animals.
- Purification of drugs obtained from chemical process.
DEAL SOLUTION “Ideal solutions are defined as the one which

there is no change in the properties of the
components other that dilution when they
are mixed to form a solution.”
Example: Methanol & water.

DALTON'S LAW
“Daltons law of partial pressure states that pressure extract by a
mixture of gases is equal to sum of partial vapour pressure
exerted by each gas.”
RAOULT'S LAW
“It states that partial vapor pressure of each volatile components
is equal to vapour pressure of pure components multiplied by its
mole fraction in the solution at a given temperature. “
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
SIMPLE
DISTILLATION
It is the process of a converting single
constituents for liquid (mixture) into its
vapour, transferring the vapour to another
place & recovering the liquid by
condensing the vapour. Usually by
allowing it to coming contact with cold
surface.
PROCEDURE
The liquid is to be distilled its filled into the flask. A
thermometer is inserted in to the cork & fixed to the flask. The
water is circulated through jacket of condenser. The heat is
supplied & content is heated & boiled after some time. The
vapour rises up & passes down the side arm into the
condenser the temperature rises rapidly & reaches a constant
value the temperature is equal to the boiling point of liquid
finally the vapour form are condense & collected in to receiver.
→ADVANTAGES
It is used for preparation distilled water & water for
injection.
→ Volatile & aromatic water are prepared.
FLASH DISTILLATION
It is defined as
the process in
LEOPARD
which the enter PRESENTATION
TEMPLATE
liquid is
suddenly
vaporized
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passing it term
high pressure
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WORKING
The feed is pumped through a heater at a certain pressure. The liquids
get heated, which enters the vapour-liquid separator through a pressure
reducing valve. Due to the drop-in pressure the liquid flashes, which
further enhances the vaporization process.
Suddenly vaporization induces cooling. The individual vapour phase
molecules of high boiling fraction get condensed while the low boiling
fraction remains as vapour.
The mixture is allowed for a sufficient time, so that vapour & liquid
portions separate & achieve equilibrium.
USES
t is used for separating components, which boils at widely different
temperatures. It is widely used in petroleum industry.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
It is used for separating large This method cannot be used

amount of mixable liquid to separate mixable liquid
according to their boiling point. from azeotropic mixture
Example: acetone & water.

FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
It is the type of distillation process which involve separation of mixable

liquids. The process involves repeated distillation & condensation & the
mixture I usually separated into components parts; the separation happens
when the mixture is heated at a certain temperature. Where fraction of the
mixture starts to vaporized.
FRATIONAL
DISTILLATION
WORKING
The mixture to be distilled is feed to the boiler & heated. A mixture of
two mixable liquids A & B is taken where A have more volatility then B.
The solution is added into the flask, heat is applied & the mixture starts
to boil the vapour are formed having large amount of vapour from liquid
A. these vapour moves through the fractalizing column into the
condenser where it is cool down to form a liquid which is collected into
the receiver. Vaporization & condensation takes place throughout the
process until two mixtures are separated completely.
USES
Use for purification of water as well as separating water & acetone.
Use in several industries like oil binaries & chemical plants for
purification & separation of organic compounds.
ADVANTANGES
It is used for separating large amount of mixable
liquid according to their boiling point. Example:
acetone & water.
DISADVANTAGES
This method cannot be used to separate mixable
liquid from azeotropic mixture
DISTILLATION UNDER REDUCE
PRESSURE
It is defined as a process in which liquids is distilled at a
temperature lower than its boiling point by applications of
vacuum. It is used to purify a liquid that has a tendency to
decompose when heated to a high temperature. Under the
conditions of reduced pressure, the liquid will boil at a
temperature lower than its boiling point, and as a result, the
liquids will not degrade as they would otherwise
DISTILLATION UNDER REDUCE
PRESSURE
WORKING
The liquid to be distilled is filled into the flask. The reducing vacuum
applied and content or heated gradually. The temperature rises & get
vaporized rapidly due to vacuum. the vapour passes through the condenser
& conduced is collected into the receiver.
The temperature is noted which is less than the boiling point of the liquids.
ADVANTAGE
This method is used for the compound which degraded or higher
S
temperature.
Example: Enzymes, vitamins & alkaloids etc.
❑DISADVANTAGE
In vacuum distillation persistent foaming
S
occurs.
❑ Not suitable for preparation of semi-solids or
STEAM DISTILLATION
STEAM
DISTILLATION
Steam distillation is a separation process
which purifies isolate temperature-
sensitive materials, such as natural
aromatic compounds. In steam
distillation, dry steam is passed through
the plant material. These vapours
undergo condensation and collection in
receivers.
WORKING
The non-aqueous liquid is placed in the flask. The small
quantity of water is added to it. Steam can be filled with water;
the flask & steam can are heated simentionally. This steam
carries the volatile oil & passes in to the condenser which is
cooled in to the receiver the process is continued until all the
non-aqueous liquid has been distilled.
In the receiver water & organic liquid forms two separate dyes
which can be easily separated
❑APPLICATION
It is used of separation of immixible liquids. Example:
Toluene & water.
❑ It is used for extraction of most of the volatile oil like
clobe like.
ADVANTANGES
→ Volatile oil can be separated at lower temperature is steam
distillation, without loss of aroma.
→ It is useful in purification li liquids with high boiling points.
→ Provided molecular weight.
DISADVANTAGES
Not suitable when immixible liquids & water reacts
with each other.
MODULAR DISTILLATION
A process in which each molecule in the vapour phase travels the

mean free path & gets condensed individually without intermolecular
collisions on application of vacuum.
molecular distillation in which a substance is heated under vacuum,
the pressure being so low that no intermolecular collisions can occur
before condensation.
REQUIRMENT FOR 01). The evaporating surface must bee closed to condensing surface
MOLECULAR this insure the molecular to come in contact with the condenser a
DISTILLATION
soon as they leave the evaporating surface.
02). The liquid surface area must be large as possible, because the
vapour is evoled from the surface of the molecule.
03). The molecular collision should be minimizing because the

change of direction path of molecules.
APPLICATION ❑ More frequently used in the refining of fixed

oils.
❑ Vitamin A is separated from fish liver oil.
❑ Purification of chemicals, “tricresyl
phosphate”.
FALLING FILM MOLECULAR
STILL
WORKING
The vessel is heated & vacuum is applied at the center. Wipers
are allowed to rotate and it is entered as the liquid flow down it
spread o from a film by wipers, which are moving at a speed of
3m/sec.
Since the moving at an already heated, the liquid films
evaporate directly. Vapour travel its mean free path & strike the
condenser, the condensate is collected in vessels.
USES
It is used purification chemicals such a di-methyl thalate.
Vitamin A is separated from oil.
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Short residence time of the feed. This is not used for azeotropic
mixture.
Significantly lower temperature is
required due to high vacuum.
GROU
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GROUP3

IT INVOLVES TWO STEPS:

02). TRANSFERRING THE VAPOUR TO ANOTHER PLACE &

THE FEED LIQUID IS KNOWNS AS “DISTILLATION” AND THE

DEAL SOLUTION “Ideal solutions are defined as the one which

Example: Methanol & water.

It is used for separating large This method cannot be used

Example: acetone & water.

It is the type of distillation process which involve separation of mixable

A process in which each molecule in the vapour phase travels the

03). The molecular collision should be minimizing because the

APPLICATION ❑ More frequently used in the refining of fixed

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