UNIT - 6

NETWORK & INTERNET

Presentation by:
Amrit Kumar Tamang
Mridul Prakash Shah
Om Prakash Basnet
Ravi Kumar Hathi
Ronish Shrestha
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INTRODUCTION TO
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
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What is a communication system?

• A communication system is a set of interconnected devices or

nodes that transmit, receive, and process information or data
between individuals, groups, or machines.
• The primary purpose of a communication system is to convey
meaningful information reliably and efficiently from a sender to
one or more receivers.

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COMPONENTS OF DATA COMMUNICATION

• Data
• Sender
• Receiver
• Protocols
• Transmission media

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COMMUNICATION MODES

• Simplex mode
• Half duplex mode
• Full duplex mode

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COMPUTER NETWORK
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What is a Computer Network?

A computer network is a collection of interconnected
computers and other devices (such as servers, routers,
switches, and wireless access points) that can
communicate with each other to share resources,
exchange data, and collaborate on tasks. These
networks can vary in size and complexity, ranging from
small local area networks (LANs) within a single building
to vast global networks like the internet.
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Uses of Computer Network
1. Communication
2. Resource Sharing
3. Data Sharing and Collaboration
4. Internet Access
5. Remote Access and Telecommuting
6. Distributed Computing
7. E-commerce and Online Transactions
8. Entertainment and Media Streaming
9. Education and E-learning
10. Healthcare and Telemedicine

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Advantages & Disadvantages of
Computer Network
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

• Communication • Security Risks

• Resource Sharing • Dependency
• Data Sharing and • Complexity
Collaboration • Compatibility Issues
• Internet Access • Bandwidth Limitations
• Remote Access • Privacy Concerns
• Distributed Computing • Cost
• E-commerce • Network Congestion
• Entertainment • Dependency on
• Education Infrastructure
• Healthcare • Potential for Misuse

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Types of network on the basis of Types of network on the basis

geographical spread of use of computer
nodes(Services/architecture)

1. LAN (Local Area Network) 1. Client Server Network

2. MAN (Metropolitan Area 2. Peer to peer network(PPN)

Network)
3. Value- Added
3. WAN (Wide Area Network) Network(VAN)

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On the basis of geographical spread

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 LAN(Local Area Network)
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LAN is a network that connects devices in a relatively Uses:
small geographic area, such as a single building, office,
school, or home. • Resource sharing: Allows users to
Characteristics: share files, printers, scanners, and
other resources within the network.
• Limited geographic area: Typically covers a small • Internet access: Provides connectivity
area, such as a building or campus. to the internet for accessing online
• High data transfer rates: Offers high-speed data services, websites, and communication
transfer rates compared to wide area networks tools.
(WANs). • Collaboration: Facilitates
communication and collaboration
• Private ownership: Often owned, operated, and between users through email,
maintained by a single organization or individual. messaging, and shared documents.
• Low cost: Generally less expensive to set up and • Local applications: Supports locally
maintain compared to larger networks like WANs. hosted applications, databases, and
services used within the organization.
• High reliability: Usually more reliable and less prone to • Gaming: Enables multiplayer gaming
congestion or network failures due to its smaller size. experiences by connecting gaming
consoles or computers within the same
LAN.
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Disadvantages of LAN

Advantages Disadvantages

• Fast data transfer rates • Limited geographic coverage

• Low cost of implementation and maintenance • Potential for network congestion in larger LANs
• High level of security and privacy • Reliance on physical infrastructure (cables,
switches)
• Easy resource sharing and collaboration
among users • Limited scalability compared to WANs
• Local control and management of network • Vulnerable to localized disruptions (power
resources outages, hardware failures

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 MAN(Metropolitan
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Uses:
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a network that spans • Interconnecting multiple LANs: Provides
a larger geographic area than a LAN but is smaller than a connectivity between multiple local area
WAN. It typically covers a city or metropolitan area. networks (LANs) located within different parts
of the metropolitan area.
Characteristics: • Connecting branch offices: Allows
organizations with multiple offices or
• Covers a metropolitan area: Spans a larger geographic region branches within a city to share resources,
than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city or town. data, and services.
• High-speed connectivity: Offers high-speed data transfer • Internet access: Provides high-speed internet
connectivity to businesses, institutions, and
rates, often comparable to LANs, within the metropolitan area.
residents within the metropolitan area.
• Multiple interconnected LANs: Consists of interconnected • Telecommunication services: Supports voice,
LANs at different locations within the metropolitan area. data, and video communication services for
businesses, government agencies, and
• Can be privately owned or operated by service providers: residents.
MANs may be owned and operated by private organizations, • Disaster recovery: MANs can be used to
municipalities, or telecommunications companies. establish redundant connections between
geographically dispersed locations for
• Provides connectivity to multiple locations: Connects multiple
disaster recovery and business continuity
offices, campuses, or facilities within the metropolitan area. purposes.

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Disadvantages of MAN

Advantages Disadvantages

• High-speed connectivity over a larger • Higher cost of implementation and

geographic area than LANs maintenance compared to LANs
• Enables efficient communication and data • Limited coverage area compared to WANs
transfer between multiple locations within the
• Vulnerable to disruptions from natural disasters
metropolitan area
or man-made events within the metropolitan
• Supports centralized management and control area
of network resources
• Reliance on service providers for connectivity
• Provides high reliability and redundancy and infrastructure
through redundant connections and failover
• Potential security risks associated with data
mechanisms
transmission over a wider area
• Facilitates interconnection with wider area
networks (WANs) for global connectivity

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 WAN(Wide Area Network)
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A Wide Area Network (WAN) is a network that spans a large Uses:
geographic area, connecting multiple LANs, MANs, or other • Interconnecting geographically dispersed
networks across cities, countries, or even continents. locations: Allows organizations with
multiple offices, branches, or facilities in
Characteristics: different locations to communicate and
share resources.
• Large geographic coverage: Spans a wide geographic area, • Internet connectivity: Provides access to
such as multiple cities, states, countries, or continents. the internet for businesses, institutions,
• Interconnects multiple LANs or MANs: Connects multiple and individuals in remote or rural areas.
local area networks (LANs) or metropolitan area networks • Global communication: Facilitates
(MANs) over long distances. international communication and
collaboration between organizations,
• Uses public or private infrastructure: Can utilize public partners, and customers located in
telecommunications infrastructure (such as the internet) or different countries or continents.
private leased lines for connectivity. • Cloud computing: Enables access to
cloud-based services and resources
• Provides long-distance communication: Enables hosted in data centers located across the
communication and data transfer between geographically globe.
dispersed locations. • Disaster recovery: WANs can be used to
establish redundant connections between
• Supports various transmission technologies: Utilizes a wide
geographically dispersed locations for
range of transmission technologies, including leased lines, disaster recovery and business continuity
fiber optics, satellite links, and wireless connections. purposes.
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Disadvantages of MAN

Advantages Disadvantages

• Wide geographic coverage for global • High cost of implementation and maintenance
connectivity
• Reliance on public or private
• Enables communication and data transfer telecommunications infrastructure
between remote locations
• Vulnerable to disruptions from natural
• Supports centralized management and control disasters, network outages, or cyberattacks
of network resources
• Potential security risks associated with data
• Provides scalability to accommodate growth transmission over public networks
and expansion
• Complexity in managing and troubleshooting
• Facilitates access to cloud-based services and WANs due to their size and complexity
resources

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Types of Computer Network on

the basis of Computer Nodes
(Services/Architecture)
1. Client Server Network
2. Peer to Peer Network
3. Value- Added Network

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Client Server Network

Client Server Network also known as request-response network. In

this network, clients makes a request to the server, an server will
fulfill the response. Server provides backup, security, storage to
computer system and peripheral devices. Its also provides 24*7 fast
services due to connection of high speed internet.

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Advantages title style of Client-Server Network
& Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages

• It has a centralized system, from which data • In case of server failure entire network will be
can be easily backed up. failed.
• Security is better in this network. • Server maintainance cost is high.
• Entire system is maintained by the server.
• It also increases the speed of resources
sharing.

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Peer to Peer Network

Peer to Peer Network also known as point-to-point network in which

all the computers are directly linked together with equal privileges
and responsibities for sharing the data. There is no server in it.
(Directly connected, No Server, Less than 10 computer devices, No
Security)

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& Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages

• It is a cheaper network, as it has non server. • Security issues.

• If one computer stops working it will have no • We cannot backup the data because there is
effect on the other computer. no server in this network.
• Its setup and maintenance is also easy.

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Value-Added Network

A value-added network(VAN) is a private hosted service that provides

companies with a secure way to send and share data with its
counterparties. Generally used by company.

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Advantages title style of Value- Added Network
& Disadvantages

Advantages Disadvantages

• VANs make communication faster and more • Setting up and keeping VANs operational can
efficient. be costly, particularly for small businesses.
• They offer strong security measures, • Businesses rely on service providers, and
safeguarding sensitive data during problems can interrupt communication.
transmission.
• Some VANs may not offer many options for
• They easily adapt to growing business needs customization, which could be a drawback for
for increased communication and data businesses with specific needs.
exchange.

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Network Topologies
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What to
is aedit Master title
Computer styleTopology?
Network
Network topology is the physical or logical arrangement of devices and
connections in a network. It defines how devices are connected to each other and
how data flows through the network.

Types of Network Topology

1. Hierarchical topology
2. Bus topology
3. Ring topology
4. Star topology
5. Mesh topology
6. Hybrid topology

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Hierarchical Topology

Hierarchical topology, also known as tree topology, is a network topology

that combines multiple levels of connectivity in a tree-like structure. It
organizes devices in a hierarchical fashion with the top level being the root,
and subsequent levels branching out like the branches of a tree.

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Advantages Master title style of Hierarchical Topology
Disadvantages

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• It allows more devices to be attached to • If the central hub fails the entire system
a single central hub thus it decreases fails.
the distance that is traveled by the • The cost is high because of the cabling.
signal to come to the devices.
• If new devices are added, it becomes
• It allows the network to get isolated and
difficult to reconfigure.
also prioritize from different computers.
• We can add new devices to the existing
network.
• Error detection and error correction are
very easy in a tree topology.

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Bus Topology

Bus topology is a type of network topology in which all devices are

connected to a single central cable called the "backbone cable". This central
cable serves as the communication medium, and each device shares the
same communication line. It is a simple and straightforward arrangement
that is commonly used in small to medium-sized networks.

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Advantages Master title style of Bus Topology
Disadvantages

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• If N devices are connected to each • A bus topology is quite simple, but still, it
other in a bus topology, then the requires a lot of cabling.
number of cables required to connect • If the common cable fails, then the whole
them is 1, known as backbone cable, system will crash down.
and N drop lines are required.
• If the network traffic is heavy, it increases
• Coaxial or twisted pair cables are collisions in the network. To avoid this,
mainly used in bus-based networks that various protocols are used in the MAC
support up to 10 Mbps. layer known as Pure Aloha, Slotted Aloha,
• The cost of the cable is less compared CSMA/CD, etc.
to other topologies, but it is used to • Adding new devices to the network would
build small networks. slow down networks.
• Bus topology is familiar technology as • Security is very low.
installation and troubleshooting
techniques are well known.
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Ring Topology

Ring topology is a network configuration in which each device is connected

to exactly two other devices, forming a closed loop or ring. Data travels in
one direction around the ring, passing through each device until it reaches
its destination.

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Ring Topology

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Advantages Master title style of Ring Topology
Disadvantages

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• The data transmission is high-speed. • The failure of a single node in the network
• The possibility of collision is minimum in can cause the entire network to fail.
this type of topology. • Troubleshooting is difficult in this topology.
• Cheap to install and expand. • The addition of stations in between or the
• It is less costly than a star topology. removal of stations can disturb the whole
topology.
• Less secure.

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Star Topology

Star topology is a network configuration in which all devices are connected

to a central hub or switch. Each device communicates directly with the
central hub, and there is no direct connection between devices in the
network. The central hub acts as a mediator, managing and controlling the
flow of data between devices.

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Advantages Master title style of Star Topology
Disadvantages

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• If N devices are connected to each • If the concentrator (hub) on which the
other in a star topology, then the whole topology relies fails, the whole
number of cables required to connect system will crash down.
them is N. So, it is easy to set up. • The cost of installation is high.
• Each device requires only 1 port i.e. to • Performance is based on the single
connect to the hub, therefore the total
concentrator i.e. hub.
number of ports required is N.
• It is Robust. If one link fails only that link
will affect and not other than that.
• Easy to fault identification and fault
isolation.
• Star topology is cost-effective as it uses
inexpensive coaxial cable.
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Mesh Topology

Mesh topology is a network configuration in which each device is

connected to every other device in the network. It creates a point-to-point
connection between every pair of devices, forming an interconnected web
of communication links.

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Advantages Master title style of Mesh Topology
Disadvantages

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• Communication is very fast between the • Installation and configuration are difficult.
nodes. • The cost of cables is high as bulk wiring is
• Mesh Topology is robust. required, hence suitable for less number
• of devices.
The fault is diagnosed easily. Data is
reliable because data is transferred • The cost of maintenance is high.
among the devices through dedicated
channels or links.
• Provides security and privacy.

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Hybrid Topology

Hybrid topology is a combination of two or more different types of network

topologies. It integrates the features and characteristics of these individual
topologies to create a more flexible and robust network design. Commonly,
hybrid topologies are formed by combining star, bus, ring, and mesh
topologies to meet specific requirements.

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Advantages Master title style of Hybrid Topology
Disadvantages

Advantages: Disadvantages:
• This topology is very flexible. • It is challenging to design the architecture
• The size of the network can be easily of the Hybrid Network.
expanded by adding new devices. • Hubs used in this topology are very
expensive.
• The infrastructure cost is very high as a
hybrid network requires a lot of cabling
and network devices.

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Internet

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Introduction:

• The Internet is a global network of interconnected

computers and devices that use standardized protocols
to communicate and exchange information.

• Using the internet we can send

email,photos,videos ,message to eachother.

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advantages title style
internet:
• Communication
• Internet banking
• Educational resource
• Work from home
• entertainment

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Disadvantages of internet:
• Cybercrime
• Time wastage
• Internet addiction
• Effects on chindren
• Bad impact on health

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Intranet

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• An intranet is a private network that uses Internet

technologies and protocols to provide internal
communication and collaboration within an organization.
• It is accessible only to authorized users, typically
employees, contractors, and partners, and is not publicly
accessible from the Internet.

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Extranet

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• An extranet is a private network that extends the

capabilities of an intranet to include external users,
such as customers, suppliers, vendors, and partners.
• It provides a secure and controlled environment for
external users to access specific resources and
collaborate with the organization.

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Thank You!

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