CHAPTER 6:

URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
 SORFINA IZZATI BINTI SABRI 2020470754

NUR DAYANA BINTI MOHD FAZULIN 2020853826

ZULAIKHA ELYANA BINTI NORDIN 2020859462

MOHAMAD AIDIL ANUAR BIN NOR ISHAM 2020846874

GROUP
MEMBERS MUHAMMAD FAROUQ BIN A RAHMAN 2020476864

MOHAMAD ARIF DANIEL BIN ISHAK 2020602778

NURUL NAJIHAH BINTI AHMAD NAYAN 2020471324

FARAH AZZAHRA BINTI ZAMRI 2020470766

DEFINITION OF
URBAN DEVELOPMENT

The term "urban development" refers to development that does not

have a rural character and is distinguished from rural development by
its magnitude, intensity, visual character, and domination of constructed
buildings.
The reliance on reticulated utilities such as water supply,
wastewater, and stormwater, as well as the cumulative creation of
traffic, may also characterise urban growth.

To be clear, a resort development in an otherwise rural area is not

considered urban development, nor is the provision of regionally
significant infrastructure inside rural regions (as amended by
Environment Court Consent Order of 20 August 2020).
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

• Large size and high density of population:

The size of the urban community is much larger than the rural community. Not only this, in
urban areas, there is high density of population. Density increases the number of short-term,
impersonal and utilitarian social relationships a person is likely to have.

Heterogeneity
Urban population is heterogeneous. It consists of various shades of people—different castes,
classes, ethnic groups, religions, etc. They are not all alike. Urban community is noteworthy for its
diversity.
CHARACTERISTICS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Anonymity
The sheer weight of numbers calls for anonymity. Anonymity is a loss of identification and a
sense of belonging. The diversity of city life, with its mix of people of diverse colours, castes,
classes, creeds, vocations, and ethnic backgrounds, heightens the impression of anonymity.

Formality of relations
In urban social life, relations are not intimate and kinship based. Most routine social contacts in
the city are impersonal and segmented. Formal politeness takes the place of genuine friendliness.
The impersonality of urban life is a necessary and convenient way of urban living.
HOW URBANIZATION HAPPEN IN ADVANCE AND
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?

1 2
EMPLOYMENT SOCIAL
OPPOTURNITIES FACTORS

There are enough work possibilities in cities and There are various social advantages to living in
towns to pull people from rural areas in search of cities and towns. Better educational facilities,
a better way of life. As a result, the majority of greater standards of living, greater hygiene and
people commonly travel to urban areas in search housing, greater health care, greater recreation
of well-paying work in all developmental sectors facilities, and greater social life in general are
such as public health, education, transportation, examples. As a result, an increasing number of
sports and recreation, industries, and business individuals are being compelled to relocate to
enterprises. Services and industries create and cities and towns in order to access a wide range of
expand higher-value-added jobs, resulting in social benefits and services that are not available
additional job possibilities. in rural areas.
HOW URBANIZATION HAPPEN IN ADVANCE AND
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?

3 MODERNIZATION

EMPLOYMENT
Modernization is extremely crucial in the progress of
OPPOTURNITIES
urbanisation. People feel they could be living a happy life
in cities as cities grow more technologically advanced,
with highly sophisticated communication, infrastructure, MODERNIZATION
medical facilities, dress code, enlightenment,
liberalisation, and other social amenities available. People
in cities also welcome changes in their modes of life, such
as their housing habits, attitudes, clothing, cuisine, and
beliefs. As a result, people migrate to cities, and cities SOCIAL
expand by absorbing an increasing number of people on FACTORS
each day.
URBANIZATION
ADVANCE COUNTRIES

A developed country—also called an industrialized country—has a mature and sophisticated

economy, usually measured by gross domestic product (GDP) and/or average income per resident.
Developed countries have advanced technological infrastructure and have diverse industrial and
service sectors.

Example of advanced country

The G7 consists of:

The United States of America

Canada
The United Kingdom
Germany
Japan
Italy
France
URBANIZATION
ADVANCE COUNTRIES

Many people moved from rural to urban areas to get jobs and enjoy in the rapidly expanding
industries in many large towns and cities.

It is generally higher rate of urbanization in the developed (79.5 per cent in 2021) than in the
developing world (51.8 per cent).

Since 1950, urbanization has slowed down in most of the developed countries. The present
day situation is such that the biggest cities in these countries are losing population as people
are moving away from the city to rural environments.
 URBANIZATION IN DEVELOPING
COUNTRY
• Standardized manufacturing production is concentrated in smaller urban regions, while large
metropolitan centers are concentrated in services, research, and development.

• Excessive concentration costs are created by huge cities with underdeveloped institutions and inadequate
urban planning management, such as traffic accidents and health costs from pollution.

• Cities provide both the living and working environments for the majority of people in high- and middle-
income countries, as well as an increasing proportion in low-income countries. Cities have the ability to
realize significant scale and scope economies.

• To decrease high urban concentration, massive investments in interregional transportation and communication
are required to facilitate industry deconcentration.
URBANIZATION IN MALAYSIA
Level of urbanization is a process which can be
measured by the percentage of population residing in
the urban and rural area against the total population.
Chart 1 shows the changing of migration trends from
rural to urban area in 1970 to current year and
expectation toward 2050. This has brought about an
increase in the number of urban population from 26.8
percent in 1970 to 71 per cent in 2010. This figure is
expected to increase to 76.6 per cent in 2020 and 88.0
per cent in 2050.

Urbanization process and economic modernization activities will occur in parallel and continuously in Malaysia. Urbanization is
a process whereby an area is urbanized and involves some aspects of development such as economic, physical, social, politics
and etc. Transition in poverty data proved that urbanisation process has lead to decrease in poverty rate in the last few decades.
From 49.3 percent in 1970, the poverty rate decreased tremendously to 12.4 percent in 1991, 5.1 percent in 2000 and just 0.4 per
cent in 2016.
 FACTOR AND CAUSES OF THE ISSUE

1. POPULATION GROWTH AND MIGRATION

• Rapid population growth and rural-to-urban

migration significantly contribute to urban
development issues.

• LAs more people move to urban areas in

search of better opportunities, the demand for
housing, infrastructure, and services increases,
often exceeding the capacity of existing
systems.

• Malaysia has experienced rapid urbanization and

population growth, driven by rural-to-urban migration
and natural population increase. This has resulted in
increased pressure on infrastructure, housing, and
services in urban areas.
 FACTOR AND CAUSES OF THE ISSUE

2. ECONOMIC FACTORS
• Economic factors play a significant role in urban
development. Cities are often centers of economic
activity, attracting investment and job opportunities.

• However, uneven economic growth, income disparities, and a

lack of affordable housing can result in social inequality and
exclusion.

• Malaysia's economic growth and industrialization have led to urban

development challenges. Urban centers like Kuala Lumpur have
become hubs for economic activities, attracting investments and job
opportunities. However, this uneven growth has resulted in disparities,
with rural areas often lacking basic infrastructure and economic
opportunities.
 FACTOR AND CAUSES OF THE ISSUE

3. GOVERNANCE AND PLANNING

• Inadequate governance structures and ineffective urban

planning can lead to urban development issues.

• Weak enforcement of regulations, corruption, lack of

coordination among government agencies, and insufficient
urban planning can result in haphazard development,
inadequate infrastructure, and services.
 FACTOR AND CAUSES OF THE ISSUE

4. INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT AND MAINTENANCE

• Insufficient investment in infrastructure development
and maintenance can result in inadequate infrastructure
systems.
• Delayed upgrades, lack of maintenance, and inadequate
capacity to meet the growing demands of urban areas can lead
to issues like traffic congestion, limited access to utilities, and
inadequate public transportation.
• Malaysia faces transportation challenges, particularly in major cities like
Kuala Lumpur. Insufficient public transportation options, heavy reliance
on private vehicles, and inadequate infrastructure for non-motorized
transport contribute to traffic congestion, air pollution, and reduced
mobility.
RECOMMENDATION

Sustainable Transportation Systems

1 Integrated Urban Planning
2
• Implement integrated urban planning • Prioritize sustainable transportation
approaches that consider social, systems to reduce traffic congestion and
economic, and environmental factors. promote efficient mobility
• This includes creating comprehensive • This includes investing in public
urban development plans that prioritize transportation infrastructure, expanding
sustainable land use, infrastructure and improving public transit networks,
development, and provision of basic integrating various modes of transport,
services. and promoting non-motorized transport
• Coordination among government options such as cycling and walking.
agencies, stakeholders, and the • -Pricing mechanisms and incentives can
community is crucial to ensure effective be employed to discourage private
implementation. vehicle usage.
RECOMMENDATION

Sustainable Transportation Systems

3
Strengthen Governance and
Enforcement 4
• Enhance governance structures, • Foster social inclusion and address social
transparency, and accountability in urban inequality through targeted policies and
development processes. programs.
• This involves improving coordination • This includes ensuring equitable access
among government agencies, to quality education, healthcare, housing,
streamlining decision-making processes, and employment opportunities for all
and strengthening enforcement of residents
regulations to ensure sustainable and • Promote inclusive community
responsible urban development practices. participation in decision-making
• -Anti-corruption measures and citizen processes to empower marginalized
engagement can contribute to effective groups and ensure their voices are heard.
governance.
 GLOBALIZATION AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC
GROWTH
• Globalization is the linking together of many regions of the global community. In terms of
economics, globalization is the process by which nations, companies, and corporations start
operating on a worldwide scale.

• Globalisation has created new markets, increased commerce and investment, and facilitated cross-
border technology and knowledge exchanges. These innovations have contributed to increased
economic growth, increased productivity, and job creation in a variety of regions around the world.
However, globalisation has resulted in increased competitiveness, income disparities, and
destruction of the environment in some locations.
 POSITIVE IMPACTS
• Increased trade and investment opportunities:
As a result of globalisation, countries now have more opportunities to trade and invest across borders. This has
resulted in more economic activity and faster rates of growth.

• Access to new markets and customers:

Globalisation has enabled firms to broaden their consumer base and enter new markets, resulting in increased
sales and profits.

• Greater efficiency and productivity:

Globalisation has boosted company competition, which has fueled innovation and efficiency, resulting in
improved productivity.

• Globalisation has facilitated the diffusion of new technology and knowledge across boundaries:
Allowing countries to learn from one another and implement best practises.

• Intensified competitiveness:
As a result of globalisation, company competition has intensified, resulting in lower pricing and greater quality
products.
 NEGATIVE IMPACTS

• Job losses and industry declines in some places:

As a result of globalisation, industries and employment have been relocated to nations with lower labour
costs, resulting in job losses and industry reductions in some regions. Globalisation has widened income
disparity between and within countries, with some countries and individuals gaining more than others.

• Cultural homogenization:
Globalisation has resulted in the spread of Western culture and ideals, resulting in cultural homogenization
and the loss of traditional cultures.

• Environmental degradation has been exacerbated by globalisation:

With increasing commerce and economic activity contributing to higher levels of pollution, deforestation,
and climate change.
 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON OTHER FACTORS

CULTURE

Societies have become larger as they have welcomed people of other civilizations and backgrounds and
created a whole new culture of their own. Cooking styles, languages, movies, musical styles, customs and
other art forms have spread all due to globalization. They too have moved from one country to another,
leaving an impression on a culture which has adopted them.

FLUCTUATION ON PRICES

The increased competition in the markets has resulted in a fluctuation in prices. For example, a country like
the US has to reduce its prices often to compete with prices for the same product coming from China.
China’s production costs are lower than the US hence they can have ridiculously low prices. For the US
companies reducing prices will have a negative effect on their profits which in turn may led to actions like
laying off workers.
 IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON OTHER FACTORS

DECREASES THE COST OF MANUFACTURING

This means that companies can offer goods at a lower price to consumers. The average cost of goods is a
key aspect that contributes to increases in the standard of living. The consumers also have access to a wider
variety of goods.

JOB INSECURITY

It creates jobs for people in developing countries who provide cheaper manufacturing jobs. For example,
many companies are setting up in India and China because wages and manufacturing jobs are cheaper there
this means less opportunities in developed worlds. In short, globalization takes jobs from one country and
provides them to another.
 CASE STUDY IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT
CLIMATE-LED LANDSCAPES AND GREENERY IN URBAN DESIGN IN IPOH

1 • Implementation of sustainable practices and integration of green spaces.

• Contributions to environmental conservation and improved quality of life.

FRESH APPROACH IN MALAYSIA'S PHYSICAL AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANS.

2 • Cities as key drivers of national economic and social development.

• Addressing challenges and reevaluating strategies for enhanced urban development.

LOW CARBON URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN ISKANDAR MALAYSIA.

3 • Concept and vision of low-carbon scenarios and CO2 reduction strategies.

• Quantitative analysis and potential for sustainable growth and environmental protection.

Ho, C. K., Matsuoka, Y., Simson, J. J., & Gomi, K. (2013). Low carbon urban development strategy in Malaysia – The case of Iskandar Malaysia development corridor. Habitat International, 37, 43–51.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2011.12.018

Teoh, M. L., Shinozaki, M., Saito, K., & Said, I. (2021). Developing climate-led landscapes and greenery in urban design: a case study at Ipoh, Malaysia. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 21(4), 1640–1656.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13467581.2021.1942881

Van Grunsven, L. (2020). URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA: TOWARDS A NEW SYSTEMS PARADIGM. ThinkCity Institute, 2. https://thinkcity.com.my/wp/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Issue-2.pdf
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