FM-II Assignment

FLUID MECHANICS-II
CHE-224
ASSIGNMENT
INSTRUCTOR: SECTION:
Dr. Zaib Jahan CHE-15B
Group Members:
Abdullah Amjad (414405) Ahmed Hassan (410781)
Hayyan Khan (422607) Sohail Shoukat (414492)
Safwan ullah (423509)
Agitators.
Agitators are devices used to blend substances within a tank by rotating immersed
impellers at controlled speeds, typically measured in revolutions per minute
(RPM). This rotation induces flow and shear in the substance, promoting
homogenization. Key components of agitators include:
1.Motor: Powers the agitator assembly and generates the torque necessary for
flow and shear. Power requirements depend on factors like viscosity, impeller
speed, and diameter.
2.Shaft: Transmits torque from the motor to the impeller. Couplings, end caps,
and seals are used to assemble the shaft and prevent material buildup.
3.Impeller: The crucial component responsible for mixing and homogenization.
It applies direct energy to the substances, creating shear patterns and fluid flow.
Impellers typically consist of blades and a hub.
Propeller Agitator.
It consists of a rotating propeller blade mounted on a
shaft, connected to a motor. The propeller blade creates
fluid motion promoting mixing, blending, or agitation.
INDUSTRIAL USES:
 Pharmaceutical production  Petrochemical refineries
 Food and beverage processing  Paint industry
 Water treatment  Pulp and paper industry
PROS: CONS:
 Cost effective  Not ideal for viscous liquids
 Simple design  Generates excessive shear effecting quality
 Can be used in unbaffled tanks
Anchor Agitator.
It mixes highly viscous liquids/pastes in tanks. It consists of a
set of curved blades, resembling an anchor, attached to a
central shaft. The blades are designed to scrape along the
vessel walls as they rotate preventing material buildup on the
walls.
INDUSTRIAL USES:
 Adhesive/glue industry  Paint and coatings industry
 Food and beverage processing  Pharmaceuticals (cream/ointments)
 Cosmetics industry
PROS: CONS:
 Great for viscous liquids  Limited to viscous liquids
 Gives low shear  Complex design
 Prevents wall buildup
Paddle Agitator.
It consists of one or more flat or curved blades, resembling
paddles, attached to a central shaft. The paddles are positioned
to sweep through the tank or vessel, promoting mixing and
agitation.
INDUSTRIAL USES:
 Chemical processing industry  Paint and ink industry
 Food and beverage processing  Pharmaceuticals (shear sensitive materials)
 Cosmetics industry  Water treatment
PROS: CONS:
 Easy solid suspension  Material can buildup
 Simple design  Limited mixing capability
 Gentle shear mixing
Screw Agitator.
It blends powders, granules, or other solids with liquids. It
consists of a cylindrical vessel with a helical screw blade
mounted on a central shaft. As it rotates, the screw blade
conveys the materials along the trough, facilitating mixing.
INDUSTRIAL USES:
 Chemical processing industry  Fertilizer industry
 Food processing  Pharmaceuticals (tablet formation)
 Cement industry  Plastic and rubber industry
PROS: CONS:
 Good for viscous materials  Complex cleaning
 Shear sensitive mixing  Non-homogeneous mixing
Helical Ribbon Agitator.
It powders, granules, or pastes, within tanks. It consists of a
central shaft with helical ribbon blades wound around it,
resembling a helix or spiral. As it rotates, the helical ribbon
blades convey the materials along the length of the shaft.
INDUSTRIAL USES:
 Chemical processing industry  Fertilizer industry
 Food processing  Pharmaceuticals & cosmetics industry
 Cement industry  Plastic and rubber industry
PROS: CONS:
 Versatile  Difficult cleaning
 Shear sensitive mixing  Non-homogeneous mixing
Turbine Agitators.
Straight blade Pitched blade Curved blade Smith blade Rushton blade
A turbine agitator is a type of mixing device used in industrial processes to stir or

blend liquids within tanks or vessels. It typically consists of a central shaft with
multiple flat or curved blades, resembling the blades of a turbine, mounted
perpendicular to the shaft. As the shaft rotates, the turbine blades generate fluid
motion by pushing and pulling the liquid, promoting mixing and agitation.
1.Straight Blade Turbine:
Design: Flat blades perpendicular to the shaft.
Functionality: High shear rates for intense mixing.
Applications: Chemical processing, emulsification, particle dispersion.
2.Curved Blade Turbine:
Design: Blades with curved shape.
Functionality: Efficient mixing with lower power consumption.
Applications: Pharmaceuticals, food processing, water treatment.
3.Rushton Turbine:
Design: Flat blades extending outward from the shaft.
Functionality: High efficiency, high flow rates.
Applications: Chemical processing, fermentation, wastewater treatment.
4.Smith Turbine:
Design: Flat blades twisted or angled.
Functionality: Improved pumping, better flow.
Applications: Chemical processing, petrochemicals, high-efficiency mixing.
5.Pitched Blade Turbine:
Design: Blades pitched at an angle.
Functionality: Efficient mixing with low power.
Applications: Pharmaceuticals, food processing, shear-sensitive materials.
PROS: CONS:
 Versatile  Some have complex build
 scalability  Limited solid handling
 High flowrate and mixing  Not ideal for viscous fluids
Coil Impeller Agitator.
It features a coil-shaped impeller mounted on a central shaft,
resembling a helical coil or spring. As it rotates, the impeller
generates fluid motion by pushing and pulling the surrounding
liquid. Their mechanical rigidity prevents solid settling.
INDUSTRIAL USES:
 Chemical manufacturing  Biotechnology uses
 Food processing  Pharmaceuticals & cosmetics industry
 Fermentation industry  Paints and coatings industry
PROS: CONS:
 Prevents solid settling  Complex build
 Creates radial flow  High energy consumption
Dispersion blade Impeller Agitator.
It’s used to disperse, emulsify, or break down materials within
liquids. It consists of a central shaft with radial blades,
extending outward from the shaft in a fan-like arrangement.
They generate high shear & turbulence, facilitating particle
dispersion or emulsification of immiscible liquids.
INDUSTRIAL USES:
 Chemical manufacturing  Pharmaceuticals industry
 Food processing  Paints and Dyes industry
 Adhesive/sealant industry
PROS: CONS:
 Rapid mixing  High energy consumption
 High shear efficient  Limited solid handling
 Versatile
Retreat curve Impeller Agitator.
It consists of curved blades mounted on a central shaft,
with each blade forming a concave curve. As it rotates, the
impeller generates fluid motion by drawing liquid
downwards and then radially outward, promoting agitation.
INDUSTRIAL USES:
 Chemical manufacturing  Pharmaceuticals industry
 Food processing  Paints and Dyes industry
 Petrochemical industries  Gas dispersions
PROS: CONS:
 Gives high flowrates  Potential for cavitation
 Gentle mixing  Limited solid handling
 Scalability  Limited reach in large tanks
Hydrofoil Impeller Agitator.
It features a set of curved blades, resembling hydrofoil
wings, attached to a central shaft. The hydrofoil blades are
designed to efficiently propel and circulate the liquid,
promoting agitation.
INDUSTRIAL USES:
 Chemical manufacturing  Petrochemical industries
 Fermentation industry  Paints and coatings industry
 Water treatment
PROS: CONS:
 Provides high flowrate  Limited solid handling
 Low energy consumption  Can lead to cavitation in tanks
 Gentle mixing
Summary
.
Agitators are vital tools
across industries for mixing,
blending & agitation. We've
explored various types, each
with unique designs and
applications. From efficient
turbines to specialized
dispersion blades, selecting
the right agitator is crucial
for optimizing processes and
enhancing product quality.
References.
 https://www.iqsdirectory.co
m/articles/mixer/agitators.ht
ml
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/Agitator_(device)
 https://youtube.com/shorts/-
3UjXBiZ02U?si=UcyXPoky
TmJlf1a4

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FLUID MECHANICS-II

A turbine agitator is a type of mixing device used in industrial processes to stir or

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