Network+ Guide To Networks 5 Edition
Network+ Guide To Networks 5 Edition
Network+ Guide To Networks 5 Edition
Objectives
Identify the functions of LAN connectivity hardware Install, configure, and differentiate between network devices such as, NICs, hubs, bridges, switches, routers, and gateways Explain the advanced features of a switch and understand popular switching techniques, including VLAN management Explain the purposes and properties of routing Describe common IPv4 and IPv6 routing protocols
NICs (contd.)
Smart hardware
Perform prioritization (link Ch 6a) Network management Buffering Traffic-filtering (link Ch 6b)
Types of NICs
Before ordering or installing NIC
Know device interface type
Types of NICs
Access method (Ethernet or Token Ring) Network transmission speed Connector interfaces Compatible motherboard or device type Manufacturer
PC Card
First standard PCMCIA-standard adapter
16- bit interface running at 8 MHz
Future
USB 3.0 (SuperSpeed USB) Transfer rate: 4.8 Gbps
Uses
Connects devices too small for PCMCIA slots Wireless connections
On-Board NICs
Connect device directly to motherboard
On-board ports: mouse, keyboard
Advantages
Saves space Frees expansion slots
Wireless NICs
Contain antennas
Send, receive signals All bus types supported
Installing NICs
Three general steps
Install hardware Install NIC software Configure firmware (if necessary)
Set of data, instructions Saved to NICs ROM (read-only memory) chip Use configuration utility program
Purchased computer
Drivers installed
Common lights
ACT, LNK, LED, TX, RX
Interrupt
Circuit board wire
Device issues voltage to signal request
IRQ number
Uniquely identifies component to main bus NICs use IRQ 9, 10, or 11
BIOS
Simple instruction set
Enables computer to initially recognize hardware
Memory Range
Memory NIC, CPU use for exchanging, buffering data Some are reserved for specific devices NICS
High memory area (A0000FFFFF range) Manufacturers prefer certain ranges
Cannot be used by other devices NICs use two channel memory ranges
Base I/O port settings identify beginning of each range
Firmware Settings
Contain NICs transmission characteristics Combination
EEPROM chip on NIC and data it holds
Change firmware
Change EEPROM chip Requires bootable CD-ROM
Configuration, install utility shipped with NIC
Drivers available
Operating system, hardware
Subtle differences
Affecting network performance Important for server
Limited scope
One input port, one output port Receives and repeats single data stream
Suitable for bus topology networks Extend network inexpensively Rarely used on modern networks
Limitations; other devices decreasing costs
Repeats signal in broadcast fashion Operates at Physical layer Ethernet network hub
Star or star-based hybrid central connection point
Hub (contd.)
Hubs vary according to:
Supported media type, data transmission speeds
Passive hubs, Intelligent hubs (managed hubs), Stand-alone hubs (workgroup hubs) Replaced by switches or routers
Limited features Merely repeat signals
Bridges
Bridges
Connects two network segments
Analyze incoming frames and decide where to send
Based on frames MAC address
Operate at Data Link layer Single input port and single output port Interpret physical addressing information Advantages over repeaters and hubs
Protocol independence Add length beyond maximum segments limits Improve network performance
Bridges (contd.)
New bridge installation
Bridge must learn network MAC addresses Fills its filtering database
Destination nodes MAC address Associated port
Switches
Switches
Subdivide network
Smaller logical pieces, segments
Operates at Data Link layer (traditional) Operate at layers 3 and 4 (advanced) Interpret MAC address information Components
Internal processor, operating system, memory, several ports
Ethernet perspective
Dedicated channel represents collision domain
Switches (contd.)
Historically
Switches replaced hubs, eased congestion, provided better security, performance
Disadvantages
Can become overwhelmed despite buffers
Cannot prevent data loss UDP collisions mount: network traffic halts
Installing a Switch
Follow manufacturers guidelines General steps (assume Cat 5 or better UTP)
Verify switch placement Turn on switch Verify lights, self power tests Configure (if necessary) Connect NIC to a switch port (repeat for all nodes) After all nodes connected, turn on nodes Connect switch to larger network (optional)
Switching Methods
Difference in switches
Incoming frames interpretation Frame forwarding decisions making
Cut-Through Mode
Switch reads frames header Forwarding decision made before receiving entire packet
Uses frame header: first 14 bytes contains destination MAC address
Cannot verify data integrity using frame check sequence Can detect runts
Erroneously shortened packets
Advantage
Speed
Disadvantage
Data buffering (switch flooded with traffic)
Best use
Small workgroups needing speed Low number of devices
Store-and-Forward Mode
Switch reads entire data frame into memory
Checks for accuracy before transmitting information
Best use
Larger LAN environments; mixed environments Can transfer data between segments running different transmission speeds
Collision domain
Remember, switches prevent collisions Each device is on a separate collision domain
Trunks
From link Ch 6c
Critical step
Indicate to which VLAN each port belongs
Additional specifications
Security parameters, filtering instructions, port performance requirements, network addressing and management options
Trunking
Switchs interface carries traffic of multiple VLANs
Trunk
Single physical connection between devices
Many logical VLANs transmit, receive data
VLAN configuration
Can be complex Requires careful planning
Ensure users and devices can exchange data Ensure VLAN switch properly interacts with other devices
Three steps
Select root bridge based on Bridge ID Examine possible paths between network bridge and root bridge Disables links not part of shortest path
STP (contd.)
STP (contd.)
STP (contd.)
History
Introduced in 1980s
Original STP too slow
Layer 4 switch
Interprets Layer 4 data
Advantages
Advanced filtering, statistics keeping, security functions
Higher-layer switches
Three times Layer 2 switches Used in backbone
Routers
Routers
Multiport connectivity device
Directs data between network nodes Integrates LANs and WANs
Different transmission speeds, protocols
Routers (contd.)
Traditional stand-alone LAN routers
Being replaced by Layer 3 routing switches
Router components
Internal processor, operating system, memory, input and output jacks, management control interface
Modular router
Multiple slots Holding different interface cards, other devices
Inexpensive routers
Home, small office use
Connect dissimilar networks Interpret Layer 3 addressing Determine best data path Reroute traffic
Filter broadcast transmissions Enable custom segregation, security Provide fault tolerance Monitor network traffic, diagnose problems
Optional functions
Dynamic routing
Router automatically calculates best path between two nodes Routing table
Installation
Simple: small office, home LANs Challenging: sizeable networks
Routing Protocols
Best path
Most efficient route from one node to another Dependent on:
Number of hops between nodes Current network activity Unavailable link Network transmission speed Topology
Distinguishing feature
Overhead; burden on network to support routing protocol
Hybrid: EIGRP
Hybrid
Link-state and distance-vector characteristics EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol)
Cisco network routers only
EIGRP benefits
Fast convergence time, low network overhead Easier to configure and less CPU-intensive than OSPF Supports multiple protocols Accommodates very large, heterogeneous networks
Connect two systems using different formatting, communications protocols, architecture Repackages information Reside on servers, microcomputers, connectivity devices, mainframes
Popular gateways
E-mail gateway, Internet gateway, LAN gateway, Voice/data gateway, Firewall
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