International Relations

International relations is defined in two senses.

In broader sense
International relations is the study of relationships between countries,
including the roles of states, Inter- governmental organizations (IGOs) ,
Non- governmental organizations (NGOs) , International Non –
governmental organizations.

In narrow sense
Official relations between the states of the world are international
relations.

State – State relations

People – People relations
Government to Government
relations
 Definition of International Relations by different
Scientist
According to Seymon brown
International relations is the According to Quincy wright
investigation and study of patterns
of actions and reactions among the It is not only the nations which
sovereign states as represented by international relations seeks to
regulate various types of groups …
their governing elites.
Nations, states, governments, people,
regions, alliances, international
According to Hoffmann organizations, religious organizations
The discipline of international relations is must be deal with the study of
international relations, if the treatment
concerned with the factors and activities,
is made realistic.
which affect the external policies and the
power of basic units into the world is divided .
Actors of International Relations

Primary actor
The primary actor of international relation is state.

Secondary actor
The national interest is the second most important aspect of the international relations.
National interest also changes timely i-e terrorism was ones a national interest.
There is not permeant friend or enemy in international politics only the national interest
permanent .
Struggle for power is important for the states to survive.
Nature of International Relations
The nature of subject is talk about the characteristics of the subjects.
1. Changing nature of IR
IR is a analysis of what is happening in world politics. The post world war II saw a huge
shift in the world politics i-e NATO AND USSR.
The collapse of the soviet union in the 1990 led to the kind of single polarity in the world
politics. However economically growing Asian countries such as China, India, Singapore are
influencing the world politics .
Nature of International Relations
1 Complex 2 Multilateral 3 Dynamic &
Interactions Diplomacy Evolving
International relations The nature of The nature of
involve intricate and international relations international relations
multifaceted often requires is dynamic, constantly
interactions between multilateral diplomacy, evolving in response to
diverse countries with where various nations changes in global
different cultural, collaborate to address politics, technology,
political, and economic global challenges and and societal dynamics.
backgrounds. promote peace.
History of International Relations
The roots of international relations can be traced back to ancient civilizations .
Religious perspective
1 Misak- e – Madina , Sualah -e- Hadibiya considered as the great
example of diplomacy.

2 Peloponnesian war
(Sparta vs Athens )Persia supported Sparta against the Athens and in
return asked for recognition.
This is also considered as IR

Treaty of Westphalia
3
In this 30 years of war came to an end.
The normal people / civilians asked to end the war as they were not ready to
sacrifice their families anymore.
179 out of 194 state diplomates agreed to end the war. Since than sole power
was not church but the people . Concept of nationalism was born(sense of
identity ).
4 World wars
The two World Wars and their aftermath dramatically shaped the international
political landscape, First time after the world war1 IR department was
established. University of Wales. And later London school of economics which
focuses on study wars and consequences .
leading to the formation of international organizations like the UN to stop the
further wars.

5 Cold war
It is bipolar war between USSR (communism)and US (Capitalism) some states
joined USSR and Some US.
NATO (US) Block WARSAW (USSR) Block
In cold war nations got the set of rules and followed a certain system. They define
the policies on how to react with the countries and opposition countries .
It was formally considered as the development of international relations.
Present of International Relations
Global Security Economic Humanitarian Aid
Interdependence
Current international International relations today
relations are marked by The present international also involves extensive
complex security challenges, relations landscape is heavily humanitarian efforts,
including terrorism, cyber influenced by economic including disaster relief,
warfare, and political unrest globalization, trade refugee support, and
in various regions. agreements, and economic international aid programs.
interdependence between
nations.
 Importance of International Relations
Peace and Security: To promote peace and security in the global system. By
understanding the factors that contribute to conflict and instability, scholars and
policymakers can work towards developing strategies to prevent or resolve
conflicts. For example, diplomatic efforts, peacekeeping missions.
Global Governance: In an increasingly interconnected world, international
cooperation is essential for addressing global challenges such as climate change,
terrorism, pandemics, and economic inequality.
Diplomacy: Involving the management of relations between states through
negotiations, treaties, and dialogue. Skilled diplomats are essential for fostering
positive relationships, resolving disputes, and
advancing the national interests of states.
Conclusion

Global Multifaceted Dynamics Continual Evolution

Interconnectedness
The field of international
International relations It portrays the multifaceted relations continues to
underscores the dynamics defining the evolve, shaping the future of
interconnectedness of relationships between global governance and the
nations and the significance countries, encompassing interactions among nations
of global cooperation in diplomatic negotiations, in a rapidly changing world.
addressing shared trade agreements, security
challenges. cooperation, and cultural
exchanges.