F204, Group 7, Gear Selectivity and Overfishing

GEAR SELECTIVITY AND OVERFISHING
CONTENTS
I. Gear Selectivity Definition and Application

of Gears Selectivity
II. Background of Overfishing
III.Strategies Applied in Relation to the Gears
IV.Fishing Rules And Regulations to
Mitigate Overfishing
2
Gear Selectivity
 Refers to a fishing method’s ability to target and capture organisms
by size and species during the fishing operation, allowing non-
targets to be avoided or released unharmed.
 Designing fishing gear that selectively catches specific species or size

classes while minimizing unintended catches.
 Fishing with selective gears has long been used as a management

measure to promote the sustainable exploitation of commercial
fisheries.
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Factors Determining Selection and Design Fishing Gears
Biology of target Species

Behavior of target Species
Distributionof target Species
Fishing depth
Currents
Visibility
Sea Bottom Conditions
Other factor
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Background of Overfishing
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What is Overfishing?
Overfishing (verb): the removal of a species of fish from a body of
water at a rate that the species cannot replenish, resulting in those
species becoming underpopulated in that area.
1. Longline fishing
very long fishing line that is dragged behind a boat. It has
thousands of smaller branchlines attached, each of which has a baited
hook that’s used to lure and catch the target fish.
-
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2. Drift netting
Drift nets work. Up to 30 feet tall and 30 miles long, a drift net is a
free-floating net that’s either deployed in an ocean current or rigged
with weights on one side that keep it on the seafloor while buoys on the
other side keep it suspended vertically in the water.
 nonselective and produce extremely high volumes of bycatch.
 nets are lost or abandoned, they still continue to fish, becoming death
traps for all types of marine life in a phenomenon called “ghost
fishing”.
• gear like this account for 10 percent of all ocean litter.

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3. Trawling
Drag nets across the bottom of the seafloor to catch the marine life
that lives on or near it. Commonly targeted species include shrimp, cod,
rockfish, and flounder.
Unselective fishing up to 90% of a trawl’s total catch can be bycatch.

Damages the seafloor:
-uprooting vulnerable deep-sea corals
-seagrass beds
- other habitats that provide food and shelter to a variety of marine
species.

• 4. Gillnets
A particular type of drift net made from a mesh of monofilament line
which means fish and other animals can’t see it. holes in the mesh vary in
size are designed to be large enough for the just fish’s head to fit through.
 Indiscriminate and result in high volumes of bycatch.
 Mesh netting can get caught arounds animals’ heads, fins, wings, and
flippers.
Animals that aren’t killed outright often suffer infection, mobility loss, or
even limb loss when the thin, sharp net cuts into their flesh.
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5. Purse-seine nets
A purse seine is a large wall of netting deployed around an entire
area or school of fish. The seine has floats along the top line with a lead
line threaded through rings along the bottom. Once a school of fish is
located, a skiff encircles the school with the net. The lead line is then
pulled in, "pursing" the net closed on the bottom, preventing fish from
escaping by swimming downward.

Purse seines can reach more than 6,500 ft
(2,000 m) in length and 650 ft (200 m) in
depth, varying in size according to the vessel,
mesh size, and target species

 DYNAMITE (BLAST) FISHING
Dynamite fishing, also called bomb fishing or blast fishing, is one
of the destructive fishing practices that uses explosives to stun or kill
schools of fish (Katikiro & Mahenge, 2016).
 CYANIDE FISHING
-Cyanide fishing is widely used in the marine live reef fish food trade
and marine aquarium fish trade, using sodium cyanide, a toxic chemical
utilized to stupefy hard-to-catch species (Magdaong et al., 2014).
- targeting tropical marine fish, especially agile and inaccessible reef

fishes, and contributes an important role to the devastation of coral reefs
and food and the dwindling of aquarium fish (Rubec, 1986; Cudia &
Romero, 2022).
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STRATEGIES APPLIED
IN
RELATION TO GEARS
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Buoy gears
consists of a bite indicator and a
float supporting a mainline with hooks set
at a minimum depth of 90 meters —
placing the hooks below a layer of water in
the ocean known as the Thermocline.
This fishing method allows for more
selective fishing and significantly reduces
the unintentional capture of non-target
species.
When incidental catches of non-
target species do occur, the animals are
often released alive as a result of the bite
indicator promptly alerting fishers of a
catch.
Handlines and jigs
Used to catch high-value tuna and

other species. This gear consists of a fishing
line with a baited hook. When in use,
fishermen haul in the line hand-over-hand.
Jigs consist of a fishing line and

grapnel with multiple hooks. When in use,
jigs are manually or mechanically moved in
the water to lure fish and then quickly
pulled or jerked to hook them.
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Squid jigging is usually done at night
with lights to entice them closer to the
surface, but it can also be done during the
day using underwater lights.
These fishing methods are

considered a more environmentally
responsible because there's very little catch
of unwanted marine life.
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Harpoons
Spear-like gears with a detachable sharp

point (that has one or more barbs) attached to a
retrieving line. When fishermen target a fish,
they thrust or shoot the harpoon into the animal
and haul it aboard.
Modern harpoons are shot with guns. The

catch of unwanted marine life isn't a concern
because fishermen identify the species and size
of the fish before it's caught. Harpoons are used
to catch large pelagic predators, such as tuna and
swordfish.
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Longlines
Have a mainline and evenly spaced

branch lines with baited hooks. They can
be many miles long and have hundreds or
thousands of hooks. Set longlines are
placed on or near the bottom.
Drifting longlines are set near the

surface and at different depths in the
water column. Bycatch of at-risk or
overexploited species can be a significant
conservation concern in longline fisheries,
but gear modifications can reduce impacts
on other marine life.
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Example
Sinking drifting longlines deeper

allows many animals to swim over them,
and adding streamers above the water
scares away seabirds.
Specially designed fishing hook

called a circle hook can make it easier to
release turtles and other animals that have
been accidentally caught.
Longlines are used to catch cod,

halibut, tuna, swordfish, and many other
species.
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FISHING RULES
AND
REGULATIONS
IMPLEMENTED
TO
INCREASE GEAR
SELECTIVITY

•1. The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (Republic Act No. 8550)
- This law governs the conservation, management, and sustainable
development of fisheries and aquatic resources in the Philippines. It
includes provisions on fishing gear regulations, closed fishing seasons,
marine protected areas, and penalties for illegal fishing activities.
 Fine mesh nets - Nets with small mesh sizes can catch juvenile fish and
other non-target species, leading to overfishing and ecosystem
imbalance.
 Dynamite or blast fishing gear - The use of explosives for fishing
causes extensive damage to coral reefs and marine habitats, depleting
fish populations and harming biodiversity.
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 Poison or chemical fishing gear - Chemicals used for fishing can have
harmful effects on marine life and the environment, disrupting the
balance of the ecosystem.
 Muro-ami gear - This gear involves a large net weighted down by
stones and is dragged across coral reefs, causing destruction to the
reef ecosystem and marine habitats
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2. The Philippine Fisheries Code of 2015 (Republic Act No. 10654)
- This amended version of the Fisheries Code of 1998 strengthens the
conservation and management measures for fisheries resources. It
includes provisions on monitoring, control, and surveillance of fishing
activities, as well as stricter penalties for violations.

References:
https://www.slideshare.net/JoselinJoselin5/factors-considered-for-designing-or-selection-fishing-ge
ar
https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/national/bycatch/fishing-gear-purse-seines
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/363705420_An_Overview_of_Destructive_Fishing_in_the_Philipp
ines
https://www.seafoodwatch.org/seafood-basics/fishing-and-farming-methods
https://verafiles.org/articles/diminishing-catch-in-overfished-bohol-waters
https://www.rappler.com/environment/philippines-new-program-curb-illegal-fishing-off-rocky-start/
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THANK YOU!!
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GEAR SELECTIVITY AND OVERFISHING

I. Gear Selectivity Definition and Application

 Designing fishing gear that selectively catches specific species or size

 Fishing with selective gears has long been used as a management

Biology of target Species

 nonselective and produce extremely high volumes of bycatch.

• gear like this account for 10 percent of all ocean litter.

Unselective fishing up to 90% of a trawl’s total catch can be bycatch.

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 Indiscriminate and result in high volumes of bycatch.

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- targeting tropical marine fish, especially agile and inaccessible reef

Used to catch high-value tuna and

Jigs consist of a fishing line and

These fishing methods are

Spear-like gears with a detachable sharp

Modern harpoons are shot with guns. The

Have a mainline and evenly spaced

Drifting longlines are set near the

Sinking drifting longlines deeper

Specially designed fishing hook

Longlines are used to catch cod,

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