Physics withR

A
J A N

L
P
C
O

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 00 300 450 600 900

sin 0 1 2 3 4
2 2 2 2 2
cos 4 3 2 1 0
2 2 2 2 2

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 Hypotenuse is opposite to right angle.

sin
oppo s ite
a c
sin(q) =
900 q
cos(q) = b

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Leg opposite to angle q = hypotenuse*sin(q)

a a c
sin(q) = oppo s ite
c
900 q
cos(q) = c adjacent b
cos
adjacent
Leg adjacent to angle q = hypotenuse*cos(q)

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 to have Sin take oppoSite leg
sin(q) =
S
hypotenuse is a
a
A.
c
b oppo s ite
B. a
c c
a q
C.
b
b
b
D.
a
c
E.
a

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 N Rose of the Winds
Jorge de Aguiar, 1492
N E cardinal directions
NEENE

W E

S
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compass rose

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 negative direction

-0360
0 0

- 300

- 600
- 900

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 Vectors

+i unit vector in x direction

unit = size = 1

+i +3 i -i - 2i x

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 Vectors

+i

+5 i

-i

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y
+j unit vector in y direction
-j

+j

- 5j

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 y

-j

+j

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 y

-j

+i + 900 -i x

+j

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 ENE

Qx Ax i

the side of the rectangle on x axis is x

|A| cos(Qx) = Ax
Ax name is: x component of vector A

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 y

Ay j
A

Qy
Qx

the side of the rectangle on y axis is: x

|A| cos(Qy) = Ay OR |A| sin(Qx) = Ay
Ay name is: y component of vector A

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 EXAMPLE
y
A= i+ j
y component of vector A is 4

Ay= 8 cos 600 4

A
| = 8
|A
600
300
x
Ax= 8 cos 30
0 6.9
x component of vector A is 6.9

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 V(x,y,z) = | V | cos (q x,y,z)
z

qz
qy
y
qx

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 Components of a Vector in 2D
y

Ay= A sin (qx)

qx
Ax= A cos (qx) x

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 Ax= A cos (qx)

+ 900 Ay= A sin (qx)

qx

x y

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 20 y

15
side x negative -15 side x positive +15
side y positive +10 side y positive +10
10

x
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 10 5 10 15 20

side x negative -15 side x positive +15

side y negative -10 side y negative -10

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The components are the legs of the right triangle whose
hypotenuse is A

In the second or third quadrant, add 180°

A = Ax2 + Ay2 tan-1 qtan (tan

q ) -1=

magnitude angle q with x axis

Ay
q
Ax

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 20

hypotenous
magnitude = 2 +15 2

131-1 0tan
- 49
tan = = tan-110
+ 180
5 6i + 7j
-6

+7
5 10 15q 20 25 30

- 490
-6

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A vector quantity has both: magnitude (size) and direction
A scalar is defined by a magnitude (size) only.
A vector symbol includes arrow on top of a letter. For exapmle: F
When dealing with just the magnitude of a vector a letter symbol is
without arrow on top. For example: F
Two vectors are equal if they have the same magnitude and the
same direction.
The vectors can be moved. As long as the vector is moved
without changing direction and magnitude it remains the same.
If two vectors have all components the same - they are equal.

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 The vectors are the same
20

15 - 8i
+ 3j
- 8i
+ 3j 10

- 8i
+ 3j
5 10 15 20 25 30

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two vectors are equal if both components are equal

ai + bj = - 2i + 3j

a = -2

b=3

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 More Properties of Vectors

Negative Vectors
negative vectors have the same A -A
magnitude but are 180° apart (opposite -B
directions)

Resultant Vector B
The resultant vector is the sum of a
given set of vectors
A+B =R

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 Adding Vectors

B+A

= A+B

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 The result doesn’t depend on order
Commutative Law of Addition
To add many vectors, just keep A+B=B+A
repeating the process until all
are included D

The resultant is still drawn from

C

D
the origin of the first vector

C+
to the end of the last vector

B+
A+ B

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 Vector Subtraction
vector A - B = construct A + (- B )
vector B - A = construct B + (- A )

-B

-A
B + (-- A
A) B - A = - ( A-B )

A + (-- B
B)

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L8 the relation between the three vectors is:

A. A+B = C
A+C = B C
B. C+B = A A
B-A = C
C.
A-B = C
B
D.

E.

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L9 the relation between the three vectors is:

A. A+B = C
A+C = B
B. A
C+B = A C
B-A = C
C.
A-B = C
B
D.

E.

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L10 The relation between the three vectors is:

A. A-B = - C
-C
A+C = - B A B + A =-C
B. C-B = - A A + C =-B
C -A
C + B =-A
B-A = - C
C. A + B +C =0
A-B = - C B
D. -B

E.

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 Adding Vectors Algebraically

A = Ax i + Ay j
C = Ax+i BAy j Bx i + By j
B = Bx i + By j

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 Q
The sum of two vectors A and B in the figure is:
y
3-
A + B = 0i - 3j
2-
A. 1.5 i – 2.5 j
B. 3.5 i + 0.5 j 1-
C. 2.5 i - 0.5 j | 1 2 3
D. -1 i + 4.5 j | | | |
E. 0 i - 3 j x

B = - 2i - 1j
A = 2i - 2j

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 Q
The sum of two vectors A and B in the figure is:
y
3-
A + B = 0.5 i - 0.5 j
2-
A. 1.5 i – 2.5 j
B. 3.5 i + 0.5 j 1-
C. 2.5 i - 0.5 j
D. -1 i + 4.5 j | | | | |
E. 0.5 i – 0.5 j x
1 2 3

B = - 1.5 i - 2 j
A = 2 i + 1.5 j

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 Q
The sum of two vectors A and B
y
3-

2-

1-

| | | | |
x
1 2 3

B = + 2i A = - 3i
A + B = (--13i + 2) i

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 Multiply/Divide Vector by scalar

a Ax i + Ay j = * *
A
4*B 4
2 3i + 4j = 6 8

A
B
2*B

A
2

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 2 6 = =3 1 + +0 + 3 + a + b
+

C = ai + bj
F

R = 2i + 6j B = 0i + 3j

A = 3i + 1j

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 dot product A B

( Ax i + Ay j ) ( Bx i + By j ) = * + *

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 Dot Product

Coordinate system to express vectors

y A B = *
Bs
B in( x
q)
A = A i +0 j
q B = Bcos(q)
Bcos(q) i +Bsin(q) j
(q)
cos A
B

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 Jan Opyrchal

Cross Product

C = AxB
|C| = |A| |B| sin(q)

C = A B sin(q)

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 Jan Opyrchal

A = 22 i + 33 j + 44 k
B = 55 i + 66 j + 77 k

i ij jk k
AxB = 2 3 4 =± ± ±
5 6 7

c+r
1
3 row 1
column 2 (-1) + -+= -+

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 Jan Opyrchal

i j k
2 4
AxB = 2 3 4 i+ i
3 4
j- j k k 2
+
3
5 6 7 6 7 5 7 5 6

- 3 (+ * – * ) j ( - *6 ) – -* 3 )k ( * – * )

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 Jan Opyrchal

Two vectors at an angle of q

To write both of them in unit vector notation we need
coordinate system. The easy one is if one of axis (x) is
in the direction of one vector
y B = |B| i + 0+j 0 k
A
A = |A|cos(q) i + |A|sin(q)+j0 k

q
B

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 Jan Opyrchal

cross product A x BB is
= |B| i + 0+j 0 k
A = |A|cos(q) i + |A|sin(q)+j0 k

i i j j k k
A x B = A cos(q) A sin(q) 0 =( 0 0 )sin( q )
- A- B
B 0 0

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 Jan Opyrchal

A and B have components only on x y plane

cross product has only component on z axis = perpendicular
1. A x B is perpendicular to A as well as to B

y A

AxB = - A B sin( q ) k

B x
q

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 Jan Opyrchal

j qA)B
i0+B0sin(
A x B 0= 0- A k sin( q )

2 2
Magnitude of A x B vector = + +( A B sin( )q2)

y A

B x
q

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3. Rotate the first vector in AxB to overlap the second vector

B xx B
A A = = 0 i + 0 j +- |A||B|sin(q) k
counterclockwise positive
clockwise - the z component is negative

y A

x
B
q

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C=AxB

B B

A A

C =BxA

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The two vectors A and B are parallel (multiplying by a constant
doesn’t change direction) A = 2 i + 3 j - 4 k B = 4i + 6j - 8k
What is the cross product of the two vectors?
A) 0
B) 8i + 18j + 32k
C) 8i + 18j - 32k
D) (3*8+4*6)i + (2*8 + 4*4)j + 2*6 + 3*4)k

E) to hard to guess
A x B = 0A B sin(0q0)

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Calculate cross product i x j
A) i + j + k
B) i - j
C) i + j k
D) k k = i xj
j
E) - k
i

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