Third term

Grade 8 Physics
Engaging starter
 Discovery of topic
Chapter 8 :Light
Topic : Reflection of light and image in a plane mirror
Pg No.

Thursday, May 23, 2024

Setting of standards
 Thumbs up, down and sideways
 Objective

 Describe how an image is formed in a plane mirror.

 Recall and use the equation: angle of incidence =
angle of reflection.
 Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a
virtual image in a plane mirror.
Vocabulary words
Key words
 Presentation of lesson
Reflection of light
Light usually travels in straight lines. It changes direction if it hits a shiny surface. This change in
direction at a shiny surface such as a mirror is called reflection

Figure 13.2a: A ray box produces a broad beam of light, which can be narrowed down using a metal plate with a slit in it.
b: Marking the line of the ray with crosses allows you to record its position.
A laser (Figure 13.3a) has the great advantage that all of the light it produces comes out in a narrow beam. All of the energy is
concentrated in this beam, rather than spreading out in all directions (as with a light bulb). The total amount of energy coming
from the laser is probably much less than that from a bulb, but it is much more concentrated. That is why it is dangerous if a
laser beam gets into your eye.
CHAPTER 13 –light
LIGHT TRA
Figure 13.5: This ray diagram shows the reflection of light. The normal is drawn at
90° to the mirror. Then the angles are measured between the rays and the normal.
The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal: i = r.
This is the law of reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection
When a ray of light reflects off a mirror or other reflecting surface, it follows a path as shown in Figure 13.5. The ray
bounces off, rather like a ball bouncing off a wall. The two rays are known as the incident ray and the reflected ray.
Figure 13.5: This ray diagram shows the reflection of light. The normal is drawn at 90° to
the mirror. Then the angles are measured between the rays and the normal. The angle of
incidence and the angle of reflection are equal: i = r.
The angle of incidence, i, and the angle of reflection, r, are found to be equal to each other. This is the law of
reflection: angle of incidence = angle of reflection
i=r
Angles of incidence and reflection are always measured between the ray and the normal to the surface. The angles
between the rays and the mirror are also equal, but it would be hard to measure them if the mirror was curved. The law of
reflection also works for curved mirrors.
Figure 13.7a: Looking in the mirror, the observer sees an image of the candle. The image appears to be behind the mirror. b: The ray diagram shows how the image is formed. Rays from the candle flame are
reflected according to the law of reflection.

To summarise, when an object is reflected in a plane mirror, its image is:

• the same size as the object
• the same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of it
• laterally inverted
• virtual.
SET A i)Why is the word ambulance written in reverse on the front of this vehicle?
Ans. So that it can easily be read in the rearview mirror of a car.
ii)Write the word POLICE

SET B A student investigated the law of reflection. She increased her angle of incidence by 20° each time.

Which angle of reflection did she measure incorrectly?

Ans. 30° (the angle of refl ection for 60°).

SETC Draw a diagram to show a ray hitting a mirror with an angle of incidence of 40°. Draw the reflected ray. Label both
rays, the normal and the angles of incidence and reflection.

HOTS 4 What angle must ray hit a mirror at for the direction of the ray to be turned through 90°? Draw a diagram to
illustrate your answer.
Ray Diagram
A small lamp is placed 5 cm in front of a plane mirror. Draw an accurate scale diagram, and use it to show that the image of the
lamp is 5 cm behind the mirror.

Step 1: Draw a line to represent the mirror. Indicate its reflecting surface by drawing short lines on the
back of the line. Mark the position of the object (the lamp) with a cross and label it O.
Step 2: Draw two rays from the object to the mirror. Draw in the normal lines where they strike the mirror.
From the diagram for Step 4, it is clear that the image is 5 cm from the mirror, directly opposite the object.
The line joining O to I is perpendicular to the mirror.
Biology _ Auditory stimuli are sound waves, which are mechanical, pressure waves
that move through a medium, such as air or water. There are no sound waves in a
vacuum .
Evaluation
Did we able to
1.Describe the longitudinal nature of sound
waves.
2.Know that a medium is needed to transmit
sound wave
Plenary : Wrap up by the teacher
Summarized by the learners- the whole topic will be
summarized by one or two learners in their words.

Next topic will be announced.( The speed of sound)

HW :
What is your feeling about the
class today? Circle one face

THANK YOU
 Third term
Grade 8 Physics
Engaging starter
 Discovery of topic
Chapter 8 :Light
Topic : Reflection of light and image in a plane mirror
Pg No.

Thursday, May 23, 2024

Setting of standards
 Thumbs up, down and sideways
 Objective

 Describe how an image is formed in a plane mirror.

 Recall and use the equation: angle of incidence =
angle of reflection.
 Draw a ray diagram to show the formation of a
virtual image in a plane mirror.
Vocabulary words
Key words
 Presentation of lesson
Refraction of light
Refraction of light
SET A Describe what happens to a ray of light that passes from: a) air to glass b) glass to air.
Ans. a) Ray bends towards the normal b) Ray bends away from the normal.
SET B Draw a diagram to show a light ray passing from glass to air. Mark the incident and
refracted rays, the normal and the angles of incidence and refraction.

SET C Draw a diagram to show a light ray hits at 900 passing from air to glass .
SET A : A ray of light hits the surface of water at an angle of incidence of 30°. It is
refracted at an angle of 22°. Find the refractive index, n, of water.
Ans. n = sin i/sin r = sin 30/ sin 22 = 0.5/0.375 = 1.33

SET B a) Describe what happens to the speed of light as it passes from air to glass.
Ans. it decreases

SET C : b) Use your answer to part a to explain why light entering glass at an angle is
refracted.
Ans. One side of the ray enters the glass and is slowed down before the other side. This
causes the ray to bend.

HOTS : c) Explain in terms of the speed of light why a ray entering the glass along the
normal is not refracted.
Ans. All of the ray enters the glass, and is slowed down, at the same time.
Biology _ Auditory stimuli are sound waves, which are mechanical, pressure waves
that move through a medium, such as air or water. There are no sound waves in a
vacuum .
Evaluation
Did we able to
1.Describe the longitudinal nature of sound
waves.
2.Know that a medium is needed to transmit
sound wave
Plenary : Wrap up by the teacher
Summarized by the learners- the whole topic will be
summarized by one or two learners in their words.

Next topic will be announced.( The speed of sound)

HW :
What is your feeling about the
class today? Circle one face

THANK YOU
SET B : The critical angle for water is 49°. If a ray of light strikes the upper surface of a
pond at an angle of incidence of 45°, will it be totally internally reflected? Explain your
answer.
No, because TIR only happens when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical
angle.

SET C : Look at Figure 13.27.

a Name angles x, y and z.

Ans.x = angle of incidence, y = angle of refl ection, z = angle of refraction

b Write down any relationships you know between the angles.

Ans.x = y, c > a, sin x/sin r = refractive index, x < critical angle

с Describe what will happen when angle x is increased.

Ans.As x increases, y will increase too and these will have the same value. z will also
increase. Eventually when x = the critical angle for the material the ray will be totally
internally refl ected
Optical fibre

Optical fibre is a hair-like flexible and transparent fibre which is used for the transmission
of data signals over large distances with a higher speed. Hence optical fibre is used to
provide the service of internet, telephone and television etc. Optical fibre works on the
principle of total internal reflection.

Optical fibres are also used in medicine. An endoscope is a device that can be used by
doctors to see inside a patient's body, for example, to see inside the stomach (Figure
13.30). One bundle of fibres carries light down into the body, while another bundle carries
an image back up to the user. The endoscope may also have a small probe or cutting tool
built in, so that minor operations can be performed without the need for major surgery.
Optical fibre : Optical fibre is a hair-like flexible and transparent fibre which is used for the
transmission of data signals over large distances with a higher speed. Hence optical fibre
is used to provide the service of internet, telephone and television etc. Optical fibre works
on the principle of total internal reflection.

SET A : Write the importance of optical fibre in medicine.

Optical fibres are also used in medicine. An endoscope is a device that can be used by
doctors to see inside a patient's body, for example, to see inside the stomach (Figure
13.30). One bundle of fibres carries light down into the body, while another bundle carries
an image back up to the user.

SET B : List two uses of total internal reflection.

Endoscopy, communications
Set c : The critical angle for a material is 38°. Calculate its refractive index.

HOTS : Sketch a diagram to show how a ray of light can travel

along a curved glass fibre.Indicate the points where total
internal reflection.
LENSES
SET A :Fill in the blanks :
The fatter the lens , the ______________ closer / further)the principal focus is to the lens.
A fat lens has a shorter _______________________ than a thin lens.
SET B : Draw converging and diverging lens.

SET C : Draw the following

a) A converging lens makes parallel rays converge at the principal focus.
b) Rays from the principal focus of a converging lens are turned into a parallel beam
of light.
 Magnifying glasses

Short sight – Image forms infront of the retina as the eyeball is long ,
corrected by diverging lens.
Long sight – Image formed behind the retinas the eyeball is short,
corrected by converging lens.
Ans. a long sight
b The eyeball is too short or the lens cannot become strong enough so the rays meet
behind the retina.
Ans. a long sight
b The eyeball is too short or the lens cannot become strong enough so the rays meet
behind the retina.
 refraction

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