ETHICS

the science of the morality of human acts

 the study of the human motivation and ultimately of human
rational behavior
from the Greek words:
 ethos = characteristic way of acting
ethikos, = customary (done in particular situation)
Derived from ethike (doctrine of morality)
 2 DIVISION OF ETHICS

1.GENERAL ETHICS ➢the study of the general principles of

morality
2.SPECIAL ETHICS ➢the study of the application of the
general principles of morality; included in this division is the
category of professional ethics
Example: POLICE ETHICS practical science that treats
the principle of human morality and duty as applied to law
enforcement
 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS

It is an indispensable knowledge

Without moral perception, man
is only an animal
Without morality, man as a
rational being is a failure
TYPES OF ACTS

HUMAN ACT
Acts that are done knowingly,
deliberately, and freely
Example : walking, talking,
eating
ACTS OF MAN
Not deliberate, Involuntary
Example : digestion,
heartbeat, sensation
 MORALITY
the quality which makes an act good or bad, good or
evil, right or wrong
Derived from Latin word ➢ mos (nominative)/moris
(genitive) which means “custom or traditional line of
conduct”
MORAL DISTINCTION
1.Moral- good, right
2.Immoral- bad, wrong
3.Amoral- neither good nor
bad
ETHICS vs. MORALS
 VALUES
the object of human desire and striving; they are also the
subjective assessment of a particular object insofar as it is
good.
our beliefs, those beliefs which we hold to be true.
things, person, ideas or goals which are important to life;
they enable us to direct, understand, and evaluate our lives.
 KINDS OF VALUES
1. BIOLOGICAL VALUES- those that are necessary for
survival ( food, shelter, clothing, sex, water, sleep and etc.)
2.PSYCHOLOGICAL VALUES- those that are necessary for
emotional fulfillment of man (relationships, companionship,
family, friendship, love)
3.INTELLECTUAL VALUES- those that are necessary for the
intellectual fulfillment of man (achievements, career, success)
4.MORAL VALUES- those are that necessary for the spiritual
fulfillment of man.
 POLICE ETHICS

a practical science that treats the principle of human

morality and duty as applied to law enforcement
Who are the Police?
the public officials
with the extraordinary powers of arrest
who performs the direct police services of patrol,
criminal investigation and traffic control
 11 CANONS OF POLICE ETHICS
1. Primordial Police Responsibility- the primary responsibility
of the police is crime prevention
2. Limitation of Police Authority- laws set limits to the power
of the police. Police officers are not exempted from obeying the
laws they are enforcing
3. Knowledge of the Law and other Responsibilities- police
officers are expected to know and understand the laws they are
enforcing.
4. Use of Proper Means to Obtain Proper Ends- police
officers must only employ legal methods in the conduct of their
work
5. Cooperation with Public Officials- police officers must
cooperate with other public officials and government agencies.
6. Proper Conduct and Behavior- police officers must always
observe proper conduct and behavior both in their personal
and official life.
7. Conduct towards the Community- police officers must
never forget that they are public servants.
8. Conduct in Arresting Law Violators- police officers must
always adhere to the prescribed rules when effecting arrests of
suspects.
9. Firmness in Refusing Gifts- police officers must never ask
for nor accept gifts or special favors.
10. Impartial Presentation of Evidence- police officers must
be fair in presenting evidence.
11. Attitude towards Police Profession- police officers must
have a high regard for the police profession and must be
proud that they are police officers. A police officers must strive
to improve their knowledge and skills in order be the best
police officers that they can be.
 POLICE ETHICAL STANDARDS

1. Morality
2. Judicious use of Authority
3. Integrity
4. Justice
5. Humility
6. Orderliness
7. Perseverance
 CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
Police Customs on Courtesy - The following are courtesies in the PNP
1. Salute
2. Salute to National Color and Standard
3. Address/Title
4. Courtesy Calls
– a. Courtesy Call of Newly Assigned/Appointed Member
– b. Christmas Call
– c. New Year’s Call
– d. Promotion Call
– e. Exit Call
– 5. Courtesy of the post
– 6. Rank has its own Privilege (RHIP)
 CUSTOMS ON CEREMONIES

➢Flag Raising Ceremony ➢ Table Manners

➢Flag Lowering Ceremony ➢Social Graces
➢ Half-Mast ➢ Uniform/Appearance
➢ Funeral Service and Honors ➢ Wearing of prescribed uniform
➢Ceremony Tendered to Retirees ✓ Adherence to haircut prescribed by
➢ Honor Ceremony rules & regulations
➢ Turnover Ceremony ✓ Manner of Walking
➢ Wedding Ceremony
➢ Anniversary
➢Proper Attire
 ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE POLICE ORGANIZATION
Synonymous to acts or conducts of dishonesty, immorality,
bribery, and perversion of character (Webster’s).
In the area of public service, corruption could be the abuse
of one’s authority, position, or power to gain questionable
advantage or wealth.
Police corruption could be understood as “acts involving the
misuse of authority by a police officer in a manner designed
to produce personal gain for him or others (Herman
Goldstein)”.
 POLICE CORRUPTION

Goldstein (1997)
- it is the misuse of authority for personal gain.
Lundman (1980)
-It is a violations of conduct norms that are
rarely enforced.
McMullan (1961)
- It is accepting money or money’s worth for
doing something under a duty not to do or do
anyway.
 PATTERNS OF POLICE CORRUPTION ( Ronald D. Hunter
and Jeffrey Rush):

1. Corruption of Authority- includes receiving

free meals, services, gratuities, etc.
2. Kickbacks- allowing motorist to in reverse in
a one way thoroughfare in exchange for
something
3. Opportunistic Theft- stealing money from
arrested person. Taking properties left at the
crime scene
4. Shakedowns- act of extortion by a police
officer who caught a criminal on act
5.Protection of Illegal Activities-
Allowing illegal businesses to operate
freely in exchange of monetary favors.
6.Fixes- involves mediating criminal cases
or problems involving traffic
7.Direct Criminal Activities- worst
behavior of police. Directly participating in
crimes like robbery, kidnapping, drug
trafficking, etc.
8.Internal Payoffs- selling work
assignments, promotion etc.
POLICE MISCONDUCT

Brutality
Sexual misconduct
Police Lying
Accepted Lying
Tolerated Lying
Deviant Lying
 Sex on Duty or Duty Related Sexual Misconducts

1.Traffic stops – to get closer look at a female or information about

her.
2.Fox Hunting – stopping college girls to get the “I’ll do anything
routine.”
3.Voyeurism – window peeping or interrupting lover’s lane couples.
4.Victim recontacts – consoling victims who have psychological
needs.
5.Opposite sex string searches – touching and/or sex with jail
inmates.
6.Sexual Shakedown – letting prostitutes go if they perform sexual
acts.
 COMMUNITY RELATIONS

A various methods companies use to establish and

maintain a mutually beneficial relationship with the
communities in which they operate
The criminal justice system’s interaction with the people of
the neighborhood or community
Is sum to total of activities by which the criminal justice
system (CJS) can become part of the community it has
been sworn to serve rather than being solely a punitive
regulatory agency that is imposed upon the public.
 TERMS RELATED TO COMMUNITY RELATIONS

 Police Community Relations- the sum total of the

dealings between the police and the people it serves, and
whose goodwill and cooperation it craves, for the greatest
possible efficiency in the service. It refers to the reciprocal
attitudes of the police and the community.
Public Relations- the act of bringing about better
understanding, confidence and acceptance for an individual
or an organization.
Police Public Relations - the continuing process by which
endeavors are made to obtain the goodwill and cooperation
of the public for effective enforcement of the law and
accomplishment of the police purpose
Human Relations- consist of the fundamental rules both
moral and legal, which govern the relationship of men in all
aspects of life. It is the most important element in
community relations.
 4 TYPES OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS

1. Public Information Program- designed to bridge the

communication gap between the police and the public. Forms of
Media Used:
Personal Media- consists of face-to-face communication, such
as meetings, rallies, delivering speeches and house-to-house
visitation.
Mass Media- includes printed matter and audio-visual
communications
2. Public Relations Program- designed to maintain harmony
and mutual support between the police and the community
3. Civic Action Program- designed to maintain and
encourage community development
4. Psychological Program- designed to condition both
friendly and hostile public, ensuring the facilitation of the
attainment of police objectives
 3 ASPECTS OF POLICE COMMUNITY RELATIONS

COMMUNITY SERVICE- activities that provide service to the

community. May be in the form of medical-dental mission, sports
clinic, feeding programs, seminars, etc
COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION- involvement of the community
in the various social projects, particularly, in the area of crime
prevention.
PUBLIC RELATIONS- activities directed at creating and
maintaining favorable impressions to the public. Projection of the
police public image to the people to gain their support and
cooperation
RA 6713 “CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL STANDARDS
FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES”
 SECTION 4, RA 6713 NORMS OF CONDUCTS OF PUBLIC
OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES.

❑Commitment to Public interest- uphold the public interest over

and above personal interest.
❑Professionalism -perform and discharge their duties with the highest
degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and skill.
❑Justness and Sincerity-not dispense or extend undue favors on
account of their office to their relatives whether by consanguinity or affinity
❑Political Neutrality -shall provide service to everyone without unfair
discrimination and regardless of party affiliation or preference.
❑Responsiveness to the public- shall extend prompt,
courteous, and adequate service to the public.
❑Nationalism and Patriotism- shall at all times be loyal to the
Republic and to the Filipino people
❑Commitment to Democracy- shall commit themselves to the
democratic way of life and values, maintain the principle of
public accountability, and manifest by deeds the supremacy of
civilian authority over the military
❑Simple Living- shall lead modest lives appropriate to their
positions and income. Shall not indulge in extravagant or
ostentatious display of wealth in any form.
 IMPORTANT TERMS

NON-FEASANCE/NEGLECT OF DUTY- the failure to perform an

act or duty that is part of one’s obligation without sufficient excuse
MALFEASANCE/MISCONDUCT- the commission of an act that
one is prohibited to do
MISFEASANCE (irregularities in the performance of duty)- the
improper or incorrect performance of an act that should be done
or performed
INCOMPETENCY - lack of adequate ability and fitness for the
satisfactory performance of police duties; could be due to physical
or intellectual limitations or lack of skill.
DISLOYALTY TO THE GOVERNMENT- abandonment or
renunciation of one’s loyalty to the government of the
Philippines. Advocating to overthrow the present
administration
POLICE DISCRETION- the act or the liberty to decide
according to the principles of justice and the police officer’s
ideas of what is right and proper under the circumstances.
MOONLIGHTING- Police officer engaging in other
business, calling or profession
 "JUVENILE
DELINQUENCY AND
JUVENILE
JUSTICE SYSTEM"
 Table of Contents
• JUVENILE DELINQUENCY: ITS NATURE AND EXTENT
- History
- What is Juvenile Delinquency?
- Who is a Juvenile?
- What is Delinquency?
• Causes of Juvenile Delinquency
• Factors involved in Juvenile Delinquency
• Theories of Juvenile Delinquency
• JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM
- Primary Goal
- What is R.A. No. 9344?
• Protective Laws
 History
Delinquency as legal status concern with misbehavior by
children is at least as old as recorded history. The earliest known
code of laws (the Code of Hammurabi) took specific note of the
duties of children to parents and prescribed punishments for
violations.
What is Juvenile Delinquency?
• It refers to an anti-social acts or behavior of
children which deviate from the normal pattern of
rules and regulations, custom and culture which
society does not accept and which therefore
justify some kind of admonition, punishment or
corrective measures in the public interest.
 What is Juvenile?
JUVENILE
• The word “Juvenile” came from the Latin “juvenilis”, which
means
“youthful”.
• It often describes the condition of, or characteristics of being
young or minor; usually not capable of discernment.
It also connotes a young person who is impleaded of misbehavior.
• However, in the Philippine legal jurisdiction, the term
“juvenile” is not commonly used, but instead, the word “child”,
“minor” , or “youth” are often used to describe one who is
below the age of majority.
 Who is a Juvenile?
He is a person below the age of majority, who, under the legal system may be dealt
with for an offense in a manner different from that of an adult Juvenile is
synonymous to the terms, youth, minor and child.

What is Delinquency?
• Delinquency is defined as criminal behavior committed by juveniles under the legal age of
adulthood.
• Delinquency is a legal or moral misdeed or act (such as vandalism or stealing) but the term
can also be used to describe a general tendency to commit such offenses.
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency: According
to Healy & Bronner the cause of Juvenile
Delinquency are:
i. Bad company
ii. Mental conflict
iii. Love of adventure
iv. School dissatisfaction
v. Poor recreation
vi. Street life
 Theories of Juvenile Delinquency
Strain/Anomie Theory: This theory, proposed by Robert Merton, suggests that
delinquency occurs when individuals experience strain or frustration in achieving societal
goals through legitimate means.

Subculture theory: In 1955, Albert Cohen developed this theory, which is actually an
amalgamation of several of his theories. Subculture theory posits that juveniles who do not
“fit” and/or meet conventional social standards may seek validation from a subculture

Differential opportunity theory: developed by Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin in 1960,
believes that opportunity plays a role in juvenile delinquency.
Juvenile Justice System
Republic Act No. 9344 or the “Juvenile Justice and
Welfare Act” defines the Juvenile Justice and Welfare
System as a system dealing with children at risk and
children in conflict with the law, which provides child-
appropriate proceedings, including programmes and
services for prevention, diversion, rehabilitation, re-
integration and aftercare to ensure their normal growth
and development
 The primary goals of the juvenile justice system, in addition to
maintaining public safety, are skill development, habilitation,
rehabilitation, addressing treatment needs,
and successful reintegration of youth into the community.
The juvenile justice system takes a significantly more restorative
approach than the adult criminal justice system.
 THE PHILIPPINE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM

01 A. Diversion and Intervention Programmes The main features of R.A. No. 9344 are the diversion and
intervention programmes. During the diversion process, the responsibility and treatment of CICL will be
determined on the basis of his/her social, cultural, economic, psychological or educational background
without resorting to formal court proceedings.

B. Age of Criminal Responsibility and the Presumption of Minority R.A. No. 9344 likewise raises the age

02 of criminal responsibility from nine years of age under Presidential Decree 603 to a minimum of 15 years
old.

C. Restorative Justice The concept of “restorative justice” as opposed to retributive justice has also been

03 introduced by R.A. No. 9344. It espouses resolving conflicts with the maximum involvement of the
victim, the offender and the community.
 Protective Laws
RA No. 7610 - An Act Providing for RA No. 10630 – An Act Strengthening the

01 Stronger Deterrence and Special 03 Juvenile Justice System in the Philippines,

AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE
Protection Against Child Abuse,
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9344, OTHERWISE
Exploitation and Discrimination,
KNOWN AS THE “JUVENILE JUSTICE
and for Other Purposes
AND WELFARE ACT OF 2006” AND
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR

RA 9262 – Violence P.D. 603 (The Child and

02 Against Women and Their 04 Youth Welfare code)
Children
 DISPUTE
RESOLUTION AND
CRISIS /INCIDENT
MANAGEMENT
 I. Vocabulary
Dispute RESOLUTION Crisis Crisis
An official Management
An argument or A stage in a
disagreement, decision that is sequence of The process by
especially an official made after a
one between, for events at which which an
example, workers group or the trend of all organization
and employers or organization has future events, deals with a
two countries with a voted. especially for disruptive and
common border:
better or for unexpected
a bitter/long- worse, is event that
running dispute determined; threatens to
a border dispute turning point. harm the
a pay/legal/trade
dispute organization or
its stakeholders.
 II. Dispute resolution or
dispute settlement
Is the process of resolving disputes
between parties. The term dispute
resolution is sometimes used
interchangeably with conflict resolution,
although conflicts are generally more
deep-rooted and lengthy than disputes.
Dispute resolution techniques assist the
resolution of antagonisms between
parties that can include citizens,
corporations, and governments.
A. Dispute resolution processes fall into two majortypes:

ADJUDICATIVE PROCESSES CONSENSUAL PROCESSES

 litigation or arbitration,  collaborative law,
in which a judge, jury or mediation, conciliation,
arbitrator determines or negotiation, in which
the outcome. the parties attempt to
reach agreement.
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE
RESOLUTION
• Group members
• Refers to any
means of
settling disputes
outside of the
courtroom
 A legal process in the Philippines where parties involved in a dispute
work together with their lawyers to reach a mutually beneficial
agreement outside of court.

 It focuses on resolving conflicts amicably and efficiently, without the

need for litigation.
 MEDIATION
• Neutral third party
• Help maintain a healthy
business relationship
• The quikest dispute
resolution
• Completely confidential
• Much cheaper than
litigation
• Seek to find resolution that
leave both parties happy
 ARBITRATIO
N
• Neutral third party
• Completely confidential
• Both parties can decide on
the arbitrator
• Less expensive than
litigation
 LITIGATION
• Involves a defendant
facing off against a
plaintiff before either a
judge or a judge and
jury
• Process of taking legal
action
RECONCILIATION
•Making
two people
or groups of
people friendly
again
NEGOTIATION
•Process of discussing
something with
someone
in order to reach an
agreement with them
KATARUNGANG PAMBARANGAY
• Under the law that mandates the KP (Presidential Decree
1508, signed on June 11, 1978, later integrated into the
Local Government Code (RA 7160),
 KATARUNGANG PAMBARANGAY

Resolution Alleged offender

process is given the MEETING
Oral or written chance to answer
complaint given the complaint
to the Barangay
Chairman
Barangay Chairman
determines whether or not
the dispute falls within the
resolutely power of the KP.
 Lupong Tagapagkasundo
A special body constituted by the punong barangay
through the selection of parties of a disputes that
will serve as a go between or act as mediators for
the speedy resolution of the dispute not
successfully resolved by the lupong tagapayapa
SUMMARY
 CRIMINOLOGICAL

Information available in audio.

 WHAT IS
RESEARCH?
Empirical It must be based on the experience observation. If you observed other people
without planning a specific research study, it doesn’t make our activity a
research activity.
Systematic It must follow a specific process and a specific set of guidelines and principles
Credible it must make the readers believe what was found in the research. This should
not be based on recording lies or wrong data.

Logical It should be based on evidence that is convincing to the readers or listeners.

Critical It must be based on careful evaluation of the data that we collect.

 1. Identify a
RESEARCH research topic
2. Identify a specific
PROCESS problem

3. Write down some

5. Plan your 4. Conduct the specific research
research study literature review question

6. Implement your 7. Analyze your data 8. Interpret your

research study data

10. Check the

quality of your 9. Draw the
research conclusion
 ETHICAL
CONSIDERATION

Voluntary participation Confidentiality Privacy Accuracy

Truth
Quantitative
 It is a research concept that

research
refers to the type of research
that relies heavily on numbers.
 It is used to understand what a
large number of people think
about a certain topic.
 ts purpose is to try to
generalize findings (or results)
over a large group of people
by quantifying the research
problem (to measure and
count issues)
 QUANTITATIVE
RESARCH METHOD
Survey research
• The ultimate goal of survey research is to learn about a large
population by deploying the survey.

Descriptive research
• it is a quantitative research method, which corresponds to
identifying the characteristics of an observed phenomenon
and collecting more information.

Correlational research
• It examines the relationship between two or more
variables.
 QUANTITATIVE
RESARCH
 It is a research approach that allows the researcher to
interpret or examine people’s experiences in order to
understand their problems better and deeper in order to
generate solutions that are relevant to their situation

 It is a research method that collects data using

conversational methods, where participants involved in
the research are asked open-ended questions. The
responses collected are essentially non-numerical. These
methods not only helps a researcher understand “what”
participants thinks but also “why” think in a particular way.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
BASIC CHARACTERISTICS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH METHOD

1. Rich 1. one-to-one interview

2. Open 2. Focus group
3. Subjective 3. Ethnographic research
4. Case study resaerch
4. A great approach to deal with complex issues

Back to Agenda
  Library research – this is not even considered research in some fileds. It is
however, accepted as the research that you conduct by going to the library.

 Basic research – it is sometimes called pure research. This is a research study

that you conduct simply to create new knowledge or testing new theories.

TYPES OF  Applied research – this is the type of research that you should focus on this
course. It is a type of research that focuses on solving a specific problem of
RESEARCH human beings.
ACROSS  Field research – this type of research is conducted as part of the program or
FIELD subject implementation.

 Laboratory research – this type of research requires you to conduct an

experiment.

 Problem oriented research – it is conducted to understand the exact nature of the

problem to find out relevant solutions.
 Problem solving research – this type of research is conducted by companies to
understand and resolve their own problems.
PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
Exploratory It is conducted to explore the research questions and
research may not offer a final conclusion to the research
conducted.
Descriptive It is focuses on throwing more light on current issues
research a process of data collection.

Explanatory It is conducted to understand the impact of certain

research changes in existing standard procedures.
Thank you!