FS 121 Notes 1

Farming Systems
2. A unique and reasonably stable arrangement

of farming enterprises that the household
manages according to well- defined practices
in response to the physical, biological, and
socio-economic environments and in
accordance with the household goals,
preferences, and resources.
Farm
1. An organized decision-making unit in

which crop and/or livestock production is
carried out with the purpose of satisfying the
farmer’s goal.
Farm
2. A highly organized set of operation which

exists in a complex of natural, social,
political and economic environments.
Perspectives of Farming Systems
1. Farming systems in a highly technical sense

Solar radiation Housing Veterinary
Crops Animals Animal Products

Feeds Crop Products
Water
Nutrients Wastes
Fertilizers
Irrigation Soil
Cultivation
Perspectives of Farming Sysrems
2.Farming Systems sub-components and their on-

farm and off-farm elements
Farming
Activity
Farm On-Farm/Off-Farm
Household Activity
FARMING SYSTEMS
On-Farm Elements:
A. Natural Factors:
1. Climate
2. Soil
B. Socio-Cultural:
1. Belief
2. Aspirations
C. Socio-Economic:
1. Resources
Off-Farm Elements:
A. Inputs:
1. Capital-based inputs:
fertilizers, chemicals, seeds, etc.
2. Infrastructure inputs:
roads, electricity, storage facility
3. Credit Institutions
Banks, Cooperatives, Individuals
4. Research/Extension
Off-farm Elements
B. Policy:
1. Land Tenure
2. Land Conversion
C. Market
1. Availability 2. Prices
Factors Affecting Farming Systems
Productivity
A. Crop and cropping system
1. Varietal selection
– Adaptability
– High yield
– Resistant to pests and diseases
2. Expand the area planted to crops
3. Intensify production
4. Diversify the farm
Productivity
B. Natural Environment
1. Climatic Conditions
• Rainfall
• Light
• Temperature
• Relative humidity
Productivity
2. Soil Conditions
• Type
– Suitability for farming
• Soil fertility loss
– Erosion
– Crop removal
Productivity
3. Biological environment
• Weeds
– Resilient
– Destructive
• Pests and diseases
– Resistant to pesticide’s active ingredients
C. Socio-Economic Factors
1. Farm size and tenurial status
• Integrated approach and farm diversification
2. Level of Technology and Inputs

3. Farmer’s Managerial Ability and Local Tradition
4. Infrastructure
• Road and Irrigation
5. Capital and Credit Access
6. Population
7. Market and Price stability
Farming Systems Technologies
Increasing Productivity of Traditional Farming

Systems Without Introducing External Inputs:
1. Planting at the right time
2. Better weed control
3. Correct plant populations
4. Utilizing local materials as feeds for
livestock
5. Utilizing local materials as fertilizer for crops
General Ways of Increasing Farm
Productivity:
1. Expanding the area planted to crops
2. Increasing the yield of crops/unit area
3. Increasing the number of crops
grown in a given area
4. Raising Livestock
General Groups of Farming Systems
A. Field Crops-Based (seasonal crops)

1. Irrigated crops-based
rice, lowland gabi, etc..
2. Upland crops-based
rice tobacco
corn vegetable
sugarcane etc.
B. Plantation Crops-Based (Perennial Crops)
coconut spices
banana coffee and cacao
pineapple rubber
fruit cacao
abaca etc.
ka
C. Livestock-Based
cattle poultry
piggery goat
etc.
D. Aquaculture-Based
prawn tilapia
mollusk salt etc.
E. Village Industry-Based
fish processing shellcraft
woodcarving weaving
F. Agroforestry-Based
Agricultural species + Forest trees
G. Forestry-based
Forest trees for timber
Major Groups of Farming Systems in the Philippines
Based on the Commodity of Primary Importance
A. Upland Annual Crops Farming Systems

At least one annual crop other than
lowland rice is the major crop.
Definition of Terms:
1. Upland condition
Unsubmerged and well-aerated soils that
prevail during the cropping period.
2. Upland annual crops

Crops that are grown in upland areas
and the life cycle is completed within a year and
the plants die soon after the fruits have
matured.
3. Cropping system
The cropping patterns utilized on a given
area and their interaction with farm resources
and the available technology.
4. Cropping pattern
The yearly sequence and spatial
arrangement of crops on a given area.
5. Sequential cropping
Growing 2 or more crops in sequence on
the same field within a year, with the
succeeding crop planted after the preceding
crop has been harvested.
Ex. Rice-Rice-Rice
Cassava-Rice
Rice-Peanut-Sweetpotato
Types of Sequential Cropping:
a. double cropping – growing 2 crops a year in

sequence.
b. triple cropping – growing 3 crops a year in
sequence.
c. quadruple cropping – growing 4 crops a year
in sequence.
d. ratoon cropping – the cultivation of
regrowth from the cut stalks
of the previous crop.
Ratoon Rice Ratoon Sugarcane
6. Intercropping
Growing 2 or more crops simultaneously
on the same field.
mixed intercropping – an intercropping with

no distinct row
arrangement.
row intercropping – an intercropping where at
least one crop is planted
in rows.
Row
Intercropping
Mix
Intercropping
7. Relay cropping
Growing 2 or more annual crops
simultaneously on the same field such that one
crop is planted after the other has flowered.
8. Strip cropping
Growing 2 or more crops simultaneously
in alternate plots arranged in strips wide enough
to permit independent cultivation but narrow
enough for the crops to interact
agronomically.
Sunflower Soybean Sunflower
Relay Cropping
Corn Soybean
Strip Cropping
Upland Rice Peanut
Strip Cropping
9. Sole cropping or monoculture
Growing 1 crop alone or in pure stand,
either as a single crop or a sequence of
single crops within the year.
10. Multiple cropping

Growing 2 or more crops on the same field
within the year.
Cotton
Solecropping or Monocropping
Lowland Rice
Considerations in Mix Cropping
System
1. Component crops
• Non allelopathic
• Light requirement
2. Maturity
3. Farm operations
4. Weeds
5. Insect Pests
Allelopathy
• Harmful or beneficial effect of one plant (or
microbe) on the germination, growth and
development of the other plants through
the production of chemical compounds that
escape in the environment
Allelopathic Natural Compounds
• Aromatic acids- Chlorogenic, p-coumaric
• Toxic gases- Camphor, cineole, dhurrin
• Alipathic acids- Malic, Citric, Tartaric, Acetic
• Coumarins- Scopoletin
• Quinones- Juglone
• Flavonoids- Roterone
• Hydroxamic acid- DIMBOA and DIBOA
• Alkaloids- Scopolamine
11. Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)
- The sum of the fractions of the yields of
intercrops relative to their sole crop
yields.
- The area needed for sole cropping to
produce the same yield as that of
intercropping.
Yic1 Yic2
LER = --------- + ----------
Ymc1 Ymc2
Yic1 = intercrop yield of crop 1
Ymc1 = monocrop yield of crop1
Yic2 = intercrop yield of crop 2
- If the LER value is greater than 1.0,
intercropping is better than monocropping.
- If the LER value is less than 1.0,

monocropping is better than intercropping.
-If the LER value is equal to 1.0 no advantage

of intercropping over monocropping or
monocropping over intercropping.
LER Example
• An LER of 1.25 means that intercropping was
25% more productive than monocropping.
This would further mean that the area needed
for monocropping to equalize or surpass the
yield of intercropping, monocrop plots should
be 25% or greater.
LER: 1.25
Corn Alone Corn + Peanut Peanut Alone
100 m2 100 m2 100 m2
25 m2 Corn + Peanut 25 m2
Corn Alone Peanut Alone
In upland areas, there is greater opportunity
for a multiple cropping with annual crops.
Benefits from Multiple Cropping:
1. Better utilization of environmental factors
2. Greater yield assurance in variable
environments
3. Soil protection
4. Regularity of food supply
5. Better control of pests
Advantages of Sole Cropping:
1. Higher production per crop per unit time
2. Less intensive management
Determinants of Cropping Patterns in Upland Areas:
I. Rainfall
- The primary source of water in upland areas.
- Crops easily damaged by high rainfall should not be
grown during high rainfall months.
II. Soil Characteristics
- Cereals are usually heavy users of soil nutrients.
- Include legumes in the pattern to improve soil fertility
particularly by green manuring or intercropping.
- Crops with underground produce are favored by light textured
soil.
III. Market
- Include in pattern crops with high market demand, easy to store,
and consumed in large quantities.

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Farming Systems

2. A unique and reasonably stable arrangement

1. An organized decision-making unit in

2. A highly organized set of operation which

1. Farming systems in a highly technical sense

Crops Animals Animal Products

2.Farming Systems sub-components and their on-

2. Level of Technology and Inputs

Increasing Productivity of Traditional Farming

A. Field Crops-Based (seasonal crops)

A. Upland Annual Crops Farming Systems

2. Upland annual crops

a. double cropping – growing 2 crops a year in

mixed intercropping – an intercropping with

10. Multiple cropping

- If the LER value is less than 1.0,

-If the LER value is equal to 1.0 no advantage

Corn Alone Corn + Peanut Peanut Alone

100 m2 100 m2 100 m2

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