HP 08 Win

Fluid Mechanics
Chapter 8
Table of Contents
Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant Force
Section 2 Fluid Pressure
Section 3 Fluids in Motion
Chapter menu Resources
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Section 1 Fluids and Buoyant
Chapter 8 Force
Objectives
• Define a fluid.
• Distinguish a gas from a liquid.
• Determine the magnitude of the buoyant force

exerted on a floating object or a submerged object.
• Explain why some objects float and some objects

sink.

Chapter 8 Force
Defining a Fluid
• A fluid is a nonsolid state of matter in which the
atoms or molecules are free to move past each other,
as in a gas or a liquid.
• Both liquids and gases are considered fluids because

they can flow and change shape.
• Liquids have a definite volume; gases do not.

Chapter 8 Force
Density and Buoyant Force

• The concentration of matter of an object is called the
mass density.
• Mass density is measured as the mass per unit

volume of a substance.
m

V
mass
mass density 
volume

Chapter 8 Force
Mass Density

Chapter 8 Force
Density and Buoyant Force, continued

• The buoyant force is the upward force exerted by a
liquid on an object immersed in or floating on the
liquid.
• Buoyant forces can keep objects afloat.

Chapter 8 Force
Displaced Volume of a Fluid

Chapter 8 Force

• Archimedes’ principle describes the magnitude of a
buoyant force.
• Archimedes’ principle: Any object completely or

partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward
buoyant force equal in magnitude to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the object.
FB = Fg (displaced fluid) = mfg
magnitude of buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced

Chapter 8 Force
Buoyant Force on Floating Objects

Chapter 8 Force
Buoyant Force

Chapter 8 Force

• For a floating object, the buoyant force equals the
object’s weight.
• The apparent weight of a submerged object depends

on the density of the object.
• For an object with density O submerged in a fluid of

density f, the buoyant force FB obeys the following
ratio: Fg (object) O

FB f

Chapter 8

Chapter 8 Force
Sample Problem
Buoyant Force
A bargain hunter purchases a “gold” crown at a flea
market. After she gets home, she hangs the crown
from a scale and finds its weight to be 7.84 N. She
then weighs the crown while it is immersed in water,
and the scale reads 6.86 N. Is the crown made of
pure gold? Explain.

Chapter 8 Force
Sample Problem, continued

Buoyant Force
1. Define
Given:
Fg = 7.84 N
apparent weight = 6.86 N
f = pwater = 1.00  103 kg/m3
Unknown:
O = ?

Chapter 8 Force

Buoyant Force
Diagram:
1. Define, continued
TIP: The use of a diagram
can help clarify a problem
and the variables involved.
In this diagram, FT,1 equals
the actual weight of the
crown, and FT,2 is the
apparent weight of the
crown when immersed in
water.

Chapter 8 Force

Buoyant Force
2. Plan
Choose an equation or situation: Because the
object is completely submerged, consider the ratio of
the weight to the buoyant force.
Fg – FB  apparent weight
Fg O

FB f

Chapter 8 Force

Buoyant Force
2. Plan, continued
Rearrange the equation to isolate the unknown:
FB  Fg – apparent weight 
Fg
O  f
FB

Chapter 8 Force

Buoyant Force
3. Calculate
Substitute the values into the equation and solve:
FB  7.84 N – 6.86 N = 0.98 N
Fg 7.84 N
O 
FB
f 
0.98 N

1.00  103 kg/m3 
O  8.0  103 kg/m3

Chapter 8 Force

Buoyant Force
4. Evaluate
From the table, the density of
gold is 19.3  103 kg/m3.
Because 8.0  103 kg/m3 <
19.3  103 kg/m3, the crown
cannot be pure gold.

Chapter 8
Objectives
• Calculate the pressure exerted by a fluid.
• Calculate how pressure varies with depth in a fluid.

Chapter 8
Pressure
• Pressure is the magnitude of the force on a surface
per unit area.
F
P
A
force
pressure =
area
• Pascal’s principle states that pressure applied to a
fluid in a closed container is transmitted equally to
every point of the fluid and to the walls of the
container.

Chapter 8
Pascal’s Principle
PInc: increase
in pressure

Chapter 8
Pressure, continued
• Pressure varies with depth
in a fluid.
• Atmospheric pressure at h1
sea level =1.01 × 105 Pa.
• The pressure in a fluid h2
increases with depth.
P  P0   gh
absolute pressure =
atmospheric pressure +
density  free-fall acceleration  depth 
Gauge pressure=  g h

Chapter 8
Fluid Pressure as a Function of Depth
1 pa= 1N/m2

Chapter 8
Objectives
• Examine the motion of a fluid using the continuity
equation.
• Recognize the effects of Bernoulli’s principle on fluid

motion.

Chapter 8
Fluid Flow
• Moving fluids can exhibit laminar (smooth) flow or
turbulent (irregular) flow.
• An ideal fluid is a fluid that has no internal friction or

viscosity and is incompressible.
• The ideal fluid model simplifies fluid-flow analysis.

Chapter 8
Principles of Fluid Flow

• The continuity equation
results from conserva-
tion of mass.
• Continuity equation
A1v1 = A2v2
Area  speed in region
1 = area  speed in
region 2

Chapter 8
Principles of Fluid Flow, continued

• The speed of fluid flow
depends on cross-
sectional area.
• Bernoulli’s principle
states that the pressure
in a fluid decreases as
the fluid’s velocity
increases.

Chapter 8
the air speed

Bernoulli’s Principle
below the
wing. Therefore,
the air pressure
above the wing is
less than the
pressure
below, and there is
a net upward force
on the wing, called
lift.

Standardized Test Prep
Chapter 8
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is the correct equation for the
net force acting on a submerged object?
A. Fnet = 0
B. Fnet = (object – fluid)gVobject
C. Fnet = (fluid – object)gVobject
D. Fnet = (fluid + object)gVobject

Chapter 8
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is the correct equation for the
net force acting on a submerged object?
A. Fnet = 0
B. Fnet = (object – fluid)gVobject
C. Fnet = (fluid – object)gVobject
D. Fnet = (fluid + object)gVobject

Chapter 8
Multiple Choice, continued

2. How many times greater than the lifting force must
the force applied to a hydraulic lift be if the ratio of the
area where pressure is applied to the lifted area is
1/7 ?
F. 1/49
G. 1/7
H. 7
J. 49

Chapter 8

2. How many times greater than the lifting force must
the force applied to a hydraulic lift be if the ratio of the
area where pressure is applied to the lifted area is
1/7 ?
F. 1/49
G. 1/7
H. 7
J. 49

Chapter 8

3. A typical silo on a farm has many bands wrapped
around its perimeter, as shown in the figure below.
Why is the spacing between successive bands
smaller toward the bottom?
A. to provide support for the silo’s sides above them
B. to resist the increasing pressure that the grains
exert with increasing depth
C. to resist the increasing pressure that the
atmosphere exerts with increasing depth
D. to make access to smaller quantities of grain near
the ground possible

Chapter 8

3. A typical silo on a farm has many bands wrapped
around its perimeter, as shown in the figure below.
Why is the spacing between successive bands
smaller toward the bottom?
A. to provide support for the silo’s sides above them
B. to resist the increasing pressure that the grains
exert with increasing depth
C. to resist the increasing pressure that the
atmosphere exerts with increasing depth
D. to make access to smaller quantities of grain near
the ground possible

Chapter 8

4. A fish rests on the bottom of a bucket of water while the
bucket is being weighed. When the fish begins to swim
around in the bucket, how does the reading on the
scale change?
F. The motion of the fish causes the scale reading to
increase.
G. The motion of the fish causes the scale reading to
decrease.
H. The buoyant force on the fish is exerted downward
on the bucket, causing the scale reading to increase.
J. The mass of the system, and so the scale
reading, will remain unchanged.

Chapter 8

4. A fish rests on the bottom of a bucket of water while the
bucket is being weighed. When the fish begins to swim
around in the bucket, how does the reading on the
scale change?
F. The motion of the fish causes the scale reading to
increase.
G. The motion of the fish causes the scale reading to
decrease.
H. The buoyant force on the fish is exerted downward
on the bucket, causing the scale reading to increase.
J. The mass of the system, and so the scale
reading, will remain unchanged.

Chapter 8

Use the passage below 5. If the fluid is oil ( < 1000
to answer questions 5–6. kg/m3), which of the
following must be true?
A metal block ( = 7900 A. The first scale reading
kg/m3) is connected to a is larger than the second
spring scale by a string 5 reading.
cm in length. The block’s B. The second scale
weight in air is recorded. A reading is larger than the
second reading is first reading.
recorded when the block is C. The two scale
readings are identical.
placed in a tank of fluid
D. The second scale
and the surface of the fluid reading is zero.
is 3 cm below the scale.

Chapter 8

Use the passage below 5. If the fluid is oil ( < 1000
to answer questions 5–6. kg/m3), which of the
following must be true?
A metal block ( = 7900 A. The first scale reading
kg/m3) is connected to a is larger than the second
spring scale by a string 5 reading.
cm in length. The block’s B. The second scale
weight in air is recorded. A reading is larger than the
recorded when the block is C. The two scale
readings are identical.
placed in a tank of fluid
D. The second scale
and the surface of the fluid reading is zero.
is 3 cm below the scale.

Chapter 8

Use the passage below 6. If the fluid is mercury (
to answer questions 5–6. = 13 600 kg/m3), which
of the following must be
A metal block ( = 7900 true?
kg/m3) is connected to a F. The first scale reading
spring scale by a string 5 is larger than the second
cm in length. The block’s reading.
weight in air is recorded. A G. The second scale
reading is larger than the
recorded when the block is H. The two scale
placed in a tank of fluid readings are identical.
and the surface of the fluid J. The second scale
is 3 cm below the scale. reading is zero.

Chapter 8

Use the passage below to 6. If the fluid is mercury (
answer questions 5–6. = 13 600 kg/m3), which
of the following must be
A metal block ( = 7900 true?
kg/m3) is connected to a F. The first scale reading
spring scale by a string 5 is larger than the second
cm in length. The block’s reading.
weight in air is recorded. A G. The second scale
second reading is recorded reading is larger than the
first reading.
when the block is placed in
H. The two scale
a tank of fluid and the readings are identical.
surface of the fluid is 3 cm J. The second scale
below the scale. reading is zero.

Chapter 8

Use the passage below 7. If the speed of the water
to answer questions 7–8. at the top of the spillway
is nearly 0 m/s, which of
Water near the top of a the following equations
dam flows down a spillway correctly describes the
to the base of the dam. speed of the water at
Atmospheric pressure is the bottom of the
spillway?
identical at the top and
bottom of the dam. A. v bottom  2g water  htop – hbottom 
B. v bottom  2g  htop – hbottom 
C. v bottom  2g  htop – hbottom 

D. v bottom  2g water  htop – hbottom 

Chapter 8

Use the passage below 7. If the speed of the water
to answer questions 7–8. at the top of the spillway
is nearly 0 m/s, which of
Water near the top of a the following equations
dam flows down a spillway correctly describes the
to the base of the dam. speed of the water at
Atmospheric pressure is the bottom of the
spillway?
identical at the top and
bottom of the dam. A. v bottom  2g water  htop – hbottom 
B. v bottom  2g  htop – hbottom 
C. v bottom  2g  htop – hbottom 

D. v bottom  2g water  htop – hbottom 

Chapter 8

Use the passage below 8. If the cross-sectional
to answer questions 7–8. area of the spillway
Water near the top of a were half as large, how
dam flows down a spillway many times faster
to the base of the dam. would the water flow out
Atmospheric pressure is of the spillway?
identical at the top and F. 1/4
bottom of the dam. G. 1/2
H. 2
J. 4

Chapter 8

Use the passage below 8. If the cross-sectional
to answer questions 7–8. area of the spillway
Water near the top of a were half as large, how
dam flows down a spillway many times faster
to the base of the dam. would the water flow out
Atmospheric pressure is of the spillway?
identical at the top and F. 1/4
bottom of the dam. G. 1/2
H. 2
J. 4

Chapter 8
Short Response
9. Will an ice cube float higher in water or in mercury?
Explain your answer.

Chapter 8
Short Response, continued

9. Will an ice cube float higher in water or in mercury?
Explain your answer.
Answer: mercury; because the density of mercury is

greater than that of water

Chapter 8

10. The approximate inside diameter of the aorta is 1.6
cm, and that of a capillary is 1.0  10–6 m. The
average flow speed is about 1.0 m/s in the aorta and
1.0 cm/s in the capillaries. If all the blood in the aorta
eventually flows through the capillaries, estimate the
number of capillaries.

Chapter 8

10. The approximate inside diameter of the aorta is 1.6
cm, and that of a capillary is 1.0  10–6 m. The
average flow speed is about 1.0 m/s in the aorta and
1.0 cm/s in the capillaries. If all the blood in the aorta
eventually flows through the capillaries, estimate the
number of capillaries.
Answer: 2.5  1010 capillaries

Chapter 8

11. A hydraulic brake system is shown below. The area
of the piston in the master cylinder is 6.40 cm2, and
the area of the piston in the brake cylinder is 1.75
cm2. The coefficient of friction between the brake
shoe and wheel drum is 0.50. What is the frictional
force between the brake shoe and wheel drum when
a force of 44 N is exerted on the pedal?

Chapter 8

11. A hydraulic brake system is shown below. The area
of the piston in the master cylinder is 6.40 cm2, and
the area of the piston in the brake cylinder is 1.75
cm2. The coefficient of friction between the brake
shoe and wheel drum is 0.50. What is the frictional
force between the brake shoe and wheel drum when
a force of 44 N is exerted on the pedal?
Answer: 6.0 N

Chapter 8
Extended Response
Base your answers to questions 12–14 on the
information below.
Oil, which has a density of 930.0 kg/m3, floats on water.
A rectangular block of wood with a height, h, of 4.00 cm
and a density of 960.0 kg/m3 floats partly in the water,
and the rest floats under the oil layer.
12. What is the balanced force equation for this
situation?

Chapter 8
Extended Response
information below.
12. What is the balanced force equation for this
situation?
Answer: FB,oil + FB,water = Fg,block

Chapter 8
Extended Response, continued

information below.
13. What is the equation that describes y, the thickness
of the part of the block that is submerged in water?

Chapter 8

information below.
13. What is the equation that describes y, the thickness
of the part of the block that is submerged in water?
Answer:
y
 block – oil 
h
 water – oil 

Chapter 8

information below.
14. What is the value for y?

Chapter 8

information below.
14. What is the value for y?
Answer: 1.71  10–2 m

Chapter 8

Chapter 8

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Fluid Mechanics

Section 2 Fluid Pressure

Section 3 Fluids in Motion

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Distinguish a gas from a liquid.

• Determine the magnitude of the buoyant force

• Explain why some objects float and some objects

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

• Both liquids and gases are considered fluids because

• Liquids have a definite volume; gases do not.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Density and Buoyant Force

• Mass density is measured as the mass per unit

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Density and Buoyant Force, continued

• Buoyant forces can keep objects afloat.

Chapter menu Resources

Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.

Displaced Volume of a Fluid

Chapter menu Resources

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Density and Buoyant Force, continued

• Archimedes’ principle: Any object completely or

Chapter menu Resources

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Buoyant Force on Floating Objects

Chapter menu Resources

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Chapter menu Resources

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Density and Buoyant Force, continued

• The apparent weight of a submerged object depends

• For an object with density O submerged in a fluid of

Chapter menu Resources

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Chapter menu Resources

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Chapter menu Resources

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Sample Problem, continued

Chapter menu Resources

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Sample Problem, continued

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Sample Problem, continued

Chapter menu Resources

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Sample Problem, continued

Chapter menu Resources

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Sample Problem, continued