DEVELOPMEN

T
Individual Perspective- National Perspective -
• What you would What a country should be
like to do in future? like?
• How should people live
• How you would together?
like to live? • Can life be better for
• What are the all?
essential things we • How should people live
require? together?
• Can there be more
equality?
What is economic
development?
What is economic
development?
• Economic development usually refers to
the
• a sustained increase in real per Capita
income
• transition from agriculture-based to
industry-based economy,
• adoption of new technologies,
• and general improvement in living
standards.
What is the difference
between development
and growth?
Development Growth
Development vs Growth
Improvement in circumstances Increase in size and numbers
Has qualitative measure Has quantitative measures
Encompasses overall changes Involves increase in size and
including growth and other numbers.
progressive changes
Example: Living standards, Example: GDP, PER CAPITA
poverty, health facilities INCOME,HDI INDEX
Different Indicators of development

The different indicators of development is

poverty,unemployment,health,education,
Inequality, gender ,Human Security,
environmental sustainability
Human Development &Economic Development
Human Development Economic Development
1.It refers to human centered 1.It refers to sustained increase in real per
approach towards development. It capita income that promotes economic
focuses on people & qualitative welfare by reducing poverty,
improvement in human life. unemployment & inequalities in
2.It is indicated by human distribution of income.
development index. 2.It can be indicated by national income &
3.It is a under term & includes per capita income.
economic development also. 3.It is narrower term as compared to
4.Human welfare should be human development.
increased through investments in 4.It considers people can be made better
education & health off by increasing their command over
goods and services.
Questions

1 What is economic development ?

2 What are the different Indicators of
development?
3.Compare and contrast the features of human
development &economic development
What may be
development for one
may not be development
Characteristics of Development

1 )Different people have different development

goals
ii )What may be development for one may not be
development for the other. It may be destructive
for other.
• Ex:The establishment of a dam leads to infrastructural
development but many people have shifted out of the
village, hence it may not be development for them.
Aspects covered under the National
Development
• i) Under national development, only those
programmes and policies are implemented which
would benefit a large number of people.
ii) Under national development, it is very important
to decide about the conflicts and their solutions.
• iii) Under national development, we have to think
whether there is a better way of doing things.
1.What is the most important component of
development?
ii)For development, people look at mix of

goals.Mention the goal s

 Income and Other Goals

i) Income is the most important component of

development, but along with income, people
also seek equal treatment, freedom, good
health, peace, literacy, etc.
• ii)For development, people look at mix of
goals.
Development Goals of Different
Categories
Category Development Goals
Landless rural • More days of work and better
labourers wages
• Local school is able to provide
quality education to their children

• Assurance of high family income

Prosperous Farmers through higher support prices for
their crops
A girl from a rich
urban family, What
do you think the
developmental goal
of this person?
 Possible answers
•She gets as much freedom as her
brother and
•She is able to decide what she
wants to do in life.
•She is able to pursue her
•studies abroad.
•A safe and secure environment may
allow more women to take up a variety
of jobs or run business.
•Other than income, explain some of
the benefits,if they are engaged in paid
work in your own words.
Mix of goals
• if women are engaged in paid work,
their dignity in the household and
society increases.
• If there is respect for women there
would be more sharing of
housework and a greater
acceptance of women working
outside
Different criterion to measure development
by International Organisations

World bank UNDP (United

Nations
Development
Programme)
What is considered as
one of the most
important attribute of
economic
development?
Income is considered
as one of the most
important attribute of
economic development
1.How to calculate total income and per capita
income?
2.Which one is known as income per person?
3.Is average income and per capita income are
same?
 Basic Measures of Economic Development by World
Bank
• Income is considered as one of the most important
attribute of economic development
•.
Total Income of the country is the income of all the residents of the
country ,but the total income of the countries is not an useful measure to
make comparisons between countries because the population of different
countries is different.

Per capita income, also known as income per person, is the average
income of the people in a country or city. It is calculated by taking
the total income of the country divided by its total population
PCI –AS PER 2019
LATEST FIGURE

• Countries with per capita income of US$ 49,300

per annum and above in 2019, are called high
income or rich countries and those with per capita
income of US$ 2500 or less are called low-income
countries. India comes in the category of low
middle income countries because its per capita
income in 2019 was just US$ 6700 per annum.
Demerits of Averages
• While averages are useful for comparison, they also hide
disparities
Country Monthly incomes of citizens in 2017s(in Rupees)
1 11 111 1V V Total
Country A 10000 12000 8000 11000 9000 50000
Country B 1000 2000 1000 1000 45000 50000

• Average income is useful for comparison, but it does not reveals

how this income is distributed among people
Calculate:
• 1If there are five persons in a family and their total income is Rs
20,000/ - what would be the average income of each person?
• (a) Rs. 6000/- (b) Rs. 4000/- (c) Rs. 5000/- (d) Rs. 10,000
• 2. The average per capita income of these families is Rs 5000. If the
income of these families in Rs 4000, Rs 7000 and Rs 3000
respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
Answer key
• 1.4000
• 2.6000
Demerits of Average Income or Per Capita Income
• Per capita income is an important criterion for development is considered to
be one of the most important attributes for comparing countries but is suffers
from the following limitations:
• ( i ) Per capita income doesn’t tell us anything about the distribution of
income. A poor country with a more equal distribution of income would be
better off than a richer country with unequal distribution of income.
• ( ii ) Per capita income doesn’t measure various facilities & services that
influence quality of life e.g. health facilities, education facilities, equal
treatment etc.
• ( iii ) It is effected by size of population. Even with a large national income, per
capita income will be low if a country has large population.
Define
INFANT MORTALITY RATE ,
LITERACY RATE,
NET ATTENDANCE RATIO
Major Indicators of Development in India
INFANT MORTALITY RATE - indicates the number of children
that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live
children born in that particular year.
LITERACY RATE-The percentage of the population above 7
years who can read and write is literate
NET ATTENDANCE RATIO is the total number of children of
age group14-15 attending school as a percentage of total
number of children in the same age group.
 Income and other
criteria
Per Capita Income of Select States (As per
Ministry of Statistics and Programme Comparative Data on
Implementation 2019) HARYANA,Kerala and BIHAR
 How does it happen?
• Even though the PCI of Haryana is higher than
Kerala, the Infant Mortality rate, Literacy rate and
Net Attendance rate is lower when compared to
Kerala
• How is it that the average person in Haryana has
more income than the average person in Kerala but
lags behind in these crucial areas?
 Summary of Comparison of
Tables
• The reason is — money in your pocket cannot buy all the goods and
services that you may need to live well. So, income by itself is not a
completely adequate indicator of material goods and services that
citizens are able to use. So to conclude
1. money cannot buy you a pollution-free environment or ensure that
you get unadulterated medicines, unless you can afford to shift to
a community that already has all these things.
2. Money may also not be able to protect you from infectious
diseases, unless the whole of your community takes preventive
steps
• Why Kerala has a better
human development
ranking than Haryana in
spite of lower per capita
income?
Answer
• Kerala has the highest literacy rate in the
country,and it has adequate provision of
basic health and educational facilities and
the Public Distribution System (PDS)
functions well in the state
 Body Mass Index [BMI]
• One way to find out if we are properly
nourished is to calculate what nutrition
scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI).
• BMI is a number calculated by dividing a
person’s weight in kilograms by his or her
height in meters squared. BMI is used in
determining obesity.

Obesity is most commonly calculated using

BMI. An adult with a BMI of 30 or greater is
clinically obese.
(a)The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is
_____ for rural males and _____ for rural females. However, it is
not just that these many adults could not attend school but that
there are _____ who are currently not in school.
(b) (b) It is clear from the table that _____ % of rural girls and
_____% of rural boys are not attending school. Therefore,
illiteracy among children in the age group 10- 14 is as high as
_____% for rural females and _____% for rural males
(a)The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is
76% for rural males and 54% for rural females. However, it is
not just that these many adults could not attend school but that
there are 16.5% who are currently not in school.
(b) (b) It is clear from the table that 18% of rural girls and 15% of
rural boys are not attending school. Therefore, illiteracy among
children in the age group 10- 14 is as high as 13% for rural
females and 10% for rural males
Human Development Index
• HDI is a composite index of achievements of a nation
in terms of three important variables that determine
the quality of life.
• UNDP compares countries based on the
educational levels of the people, their health
status and per capita income.
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX
• UNDP uses a different criterion called human
development index (HDI). HDI is a composite index on
a scale 0-1 measured on the basis of three indicators,
HEALTH:- It is measured in terms of life expectancy
EDUCATION :- It is measured by a combination of adult literacy &
combined enrollment ratio
STANDARD OF LIVING :- It is measured by real per capita income in
dollars
The country with 0 HDI will be at bottom & the one with 1 HDI will be at
top. All other countries are in between.
How to calculate HDI?
•HDI = LE index + GER
index + Per capita
income index/3
• LE = Life expectancy
• GER = Gross enrolment ratio
 Human Development Index Indicators
• Life expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests, average
expected length of life of a person at the time of birth. The health
dimension is assessed by life expectancy at birth.
• Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels means enrolment ratio for
primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond
secondary school. It measures the education dimension
• Per Capita Income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it
can be compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would
buy the same amount of goods and services in any country. It
measures the standard of living dimension
 Human Development Index -2019 Comparison between
India,UAE and US
COUNTRY RANK HDI
India 130 0.647
UAE 35 0.866
USA 15 0.912
In the recently published Human Development Report 2019,India has been placed
at 129th position (HDI) among the 189 countries.
The top three nations in the 2019 HDI are -
Norway (1st), - 0.954
Switzerland(2nd) - 0.946
Source- UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
Ireland(3rd)- 0.942 Human Development Reports
http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking
Niger (189th) - 0.37
Sustainable development
Sustainable development is
development that meets the
needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own
needs.
 GROUND WATER IN INDIA
“Recent evidence suggests that the groundwater is under serious threat of overuse in
many parts of the country.
About 300 districts have reported a water level decline of over 4 metres during the past 20
years.
Nearly one-third of the country is overusing their groundwater reserves.
In another 25 years, 60 per cent of the country would be doing the same if the present
way of using this resource continues.
Groundwater overuse is particularly found in the agriculturally prosperous regions of
Punjab and Western U.P., hard rock plateau areas of central and south India, some coastal
areas and the rapidly growing urban settlements.”
(a) Why ground water is overused?
(b) Can there be development without overuse?
Ground water in India
Groundwater level are observed values of depth to groundwater at
wells across India. Higher values represent locations where the water is
further from the ground surface, and less accessible.
54 Percent of India Faces High to Extremely High Water
Stress-
The states of Punjab and Haryana alone produce 50 percent of the
national government’s rice supply and 85 percent of its wheat stocks.
Both crops are highly water intensive.
More than 100 Million People Live in Areas of Poor
Water Quality-
Whenever a particular pollutant concentration exceeds National
standard limits, drinking water is considered unsafe, where chlorine,
fluoride, iron, arsenic, nitrate, are some of the water pollutants found in
India.
 Exhaustion of Natural Resources
The table gives an estimate of reserves of crude oil
(column1). More important, it also tells us for how
many years the stock of crude oil will last if people
continue to extract it at the present rate. The reserves
would last only 50 years more. This is for the world as a
whole.
However, different countries face different situations.
Countries like India depend on importing oil from
abroad because they do not have enough stocks of
their own. If prices of oil increase this becomes a
burden for everyone. There are countries like USA
which have low reserves and hence want to secure oil
through military or economic power.
How much oil is left?
British Petroleum provided an
intriguing update of global oil
reserves– 1,687.9 billion barrels
of oil ,just enough to last the
world 53.3 years at the current
production rates.