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Botany of Maize

This document provides information about maize (Zea mays L.) including its scientific classification, nutritional value, production in Pakistan, botanical characteristics, growth stages, and types. It discusses maize's role in cropping systems in Pakistan and provides details on its vegetative characteristics, inflorescence, pollination, kernel development, and uses.

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Saleem Chishti
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125 views

Botany of Maize

This document provides information about maize (Zea mays L.) including its scientific classification, nutritional value, production in Pakistan, botanical characteristics, growth stages, and types. It discusses maize's role in cropping systems in Pakistan and provides details on its vegetative characteristics, inflorescence, pollination, kernel development, and uses.

Uploaded by

Saleem Chishti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 36

Seminar

on
Botany of Maize (Zea mays L.)

By

Dr. Iqtidar Hussain


Assistant Professor

Department of Agronomy
Faculty of Agriculture
Gomal University
Dera Ismail Khan
Scientific Classification
Botanical name Zea mays

Class Liliopsida

Order Poales

Family Pocaceae

Genus Zea

Species mays

Popular Name Corn (Maize)


Nutrition's value
100 gram fresh grain contain

Energy 361 calories


Protein 9.4 g
Fat 4.3 g
Carbohydrate 74.4 g
Fiber 1.8 g
Ash 1.3 g
Water 10.6%
Calcium 9 mg
Phosphors 290 mg
Iron 2.5 mg
Vitamins 140 mg
Maize in Pakistan

 Maize ranks third in the world.


 Area 118 million hectares under maize.
 Annual production 600 million metric tones.
In Pakistan
 Fourth largest grown crop.
 Area under maize over 1.3 million hectare.
 Production 6.1 million metric tones.
Maize in cropping
system in Pakistan
 One year crop rotation
1. Maize – wheat
2. Potato – spring
3. Maize – Barseem
4. Maize – B.T Cotton
 Two year crop rotation
1. Maize – wheat – maize – barseem
2. Maize – wheat – cotton – barseem
Maize sown areas in Pakistan
Botanical
characteristics
Panicle, florets with
sterile ovaries

Ear, only has floret


pistol: stigma, style
‘ear leaf’
(silk), and fertile
ovary (kernel).
Vegetative characteristics

 Stalk
• Length 2 to 25 feet (0.3-7.6m)
• Diameter ½-2 inches (1.3-5cm)
• Corn stalks contain about 8% sugar
before the grain is formed.
Vegetative characteristics

 Leaves
• Consist of blade, sheath, and a collar-like
ligules.
• Length 31 inches (80 cm)
• Width 3-4 inches (9-10cm)
• Thickness 1100 inches (1/4 mm)
• 140 million cells
Vegetative characteristics

 Roots
Usually spread of main roots can b 1m in all
direction
1. Seminal (3-5, and originate from within a seed
grow downward at the time of seed germination)
2. Coronal or Nodal( after plumule emerged,
forms at the nodes of the stem, 1-2 inches below
the soil surface, 15-20 times as numerous as the
seminal roots)
3. Brace( arises from the nodes above ground)
Inflorescence

 Monoecious plant (staminate and


pistillate)
 Staminate flowers are borne on tessel.

 A tessel contain 300 spikelets


producing 4,500,000 pollens grains to
fertilize 500-1000 silks produced on
ear.
 Mature pistillate inflorescence is called

ear.
Male part
Male flowers are tassels
 Spikelet's contain anthers, which produce
pollen.

Branch of tassel
Female part
Female flowers are silking.
 Each potential kernel produces a silk, on
which the pollen lands for fertilization
Pollination
 Cross pollinated
 Pollen grain germinates and
establishes a pollen tube within 5-10
minutes after it fall on silk.
 Fertilization is accomplished within15-

36 hours after pollination.


Incomplete pollination

 Incomplete development
– Lack of tip fill
– Blanking
– Causes
1. Lack of moisture
2. Hot weather
3. Inadequate fertilizer
4. Birds
5. Insect feeding on silks
Development of the corn
kernel
 Kernel grow rapidly in length and
diameter during the period of 10-20
days after pollination.
 The kernel ceases growth about 45

days after pollination.


 Kernel width 6-9mm, thick 3-6mm,

deep 9-16mm.
 Ear of corn contain 8-28 rows of grain

 20-70 kernels produces in a row.


Why rows are always in even
Growth stages
Growth stages Days

Seedling stage 1-14


( from sprouting to 2-4 leaves)

Vegetative phase 15-39


(30-35 days of knee high stage)

Flowering phase 40-65

Maturity stage 66-95


(Soft and hard dough stage)

Ripening stage 96-105


Types of corn
Dent corn (Zea mays indentata Sturt)
It is popularly known as dent corn. In this type of maize
kernels have both hard and soft starches. On the top of the
dent corn kernel having yellow or white colour. In the drying
and shrinking of the soft starch, various forms and degrees of
indentation result.
Flint corn (Zea mays indurate Sturt)
The endosperm in this type of maize kernel is soft and starchy
in the center. Kernels of this type are rounded on the top.
Colour may de white or yellow.
Types of corn
Pop corn (Zea mays everta Sturt)
It possesses exceptional popping qualities. Size of kernels is
small with hard corneous endosperm. The grains are used for
human consumption and is the basis of pop-corn confections.
Flour corn (Zea mays amylacea Sturt)
It is also known as soft corn. It resembles to the flint corn in
appearance and characteristics. It possesses a soft
endosperm. Kernels are soft and of all colours, but white and
blue are most common. The grains are composed of soft
starch and have little or not dent.
Types of corn
 Sweet corn (Zea mays saccharata Sturt)
The sugar and starch make the major component of the
endosperm that result in sweetish taste of the kernels. It has
sweeter taste than other corns. The cobs are picked up green
for table and canning purposes.
 Pod corn(Zea mays tunicate Sturt)
Each kernel is enclosed in pod or husk in an ear which is
enclosed in husks like other types of corn. It is a primitive type
of corn and hence of no importance.
flint dent flour

flint flour sweet yellow dent


Uses of corn
 Food products
 Silage
 Breakfast cereals
 Cooking oil
 Corn starch (as a thickener),
 Popcorn,
 As a vegetable (sweet corn).
 Non food products
 Batteries
 Adhesives
 Drugs
 Plastics
 Soap
 Whisky
Thanks

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