Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 15 views

    Lecture 23 Nutrition Immunology

    Uploaded by

    maryam khan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture 23 Nutrition Immunology

    Uploaded by

    maryam khan
    15 views11 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    15 views11 pages

    Lecture 23 Nutrition Immunology

    Uploaded by

    maryam khan

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    LIVER DETOXIFICATION

    • PHASE ONE: OXYGENATION

    • PHASE TWO: CONJUGATION


    PHASE I: Cytochrome P450 Enzymes (50-100)
    • Phase I enzymes directly neutralize some chemicals, but most are converted
    to intermediate forms that are then processed by phase II enzymes. These
    intermediate forms are much more chemically active and therefore more toxic.
    • Activity of the various cytochrome P450 enzymes varies significantly from
    one individual to another, based on
    • Genetics,
    • Individual's level of exposure to chemical toxins,
    • Nutritional status.
    • Since the activity of cytochrome P450 varies so much, so does an individual's
    risk for various diseases. This helps to explain why some people can smoke
    with only modest damage to their lungs, while others develop lung cancer
    after only a few decades of smoking.
    • The enzymes initiate reactions that generally involve in exposing
    or adding a “functional group” to the toxic molecule.
    • This process of making the molecule more reactive is required as
    the first step in increasing its water solubility for excretion.
    • Some chemicals are already highly reactive and they have
    functional groups, so they can bypass phase 1 and go right to
    phase 2. The majority, however, first need phase 1 activation.

    Foundation for Integrated Medicine


    • One way of objectively determining the activity of phase I
    is to measure how efficiently a person detoxifies caffeine
    • Transforming a toxin to a more chemically reactive form
    makes it more easily metabolized by the phase II enzymes.
    • A significant side-effect of phase I detoxification is the
    production of free radicals
    • For each molecule of toxin metabolized by phase I, one
    molecule of free radical is generated. Without adequate free
    radical defenses, every time the liver neutralizes a toxin
    exposure, it is damaged by the free radicals produced.

    Foundation for Integrated Medicine


    Phase 1
    • Most important antioxidant for neutralizing the free radicals
    produced in phase I is glutathione.
    • In the process of neutralizing free radicals, however, glutathione
    (GSH) is oxidized to glutathione disulfide (GSSG).
    • Glutathione is required for one of the key phase II
    detoxification processes.

    Foundation for Integrated Medicine


    • Use oxygen to alter molecules
    • By-products include free oxygen radicals
    • End products may be more dangerous than the initial
    chemicals

    Foundation for Integrated Medicine


    PHASE I: Cytochrome P450 Enzymes used
    • Toxin is transformed into a “intermediate metabolite”
    – Oxidation
    – Reduction
    – Hydration
    – Hydrolysis
    – Dehalogenation
    • Essentially- making the toxic compound “sticky” so that something
    can be added to it
    PHASE I
    • Increased in tobacco smokers
    • Increased or decreased by medications
    • Increased by char-broiled meats and
    high intake of alcohol, BHT or vegetable oils
    • Variably influenced by phytochemicals, especially
    flavonoids
    • Decreased in vegetarian
    PHASE I INDUCERS
    • Cabbage, broccoli, brussel sprouts (indole-3-carbinol)
    • Oranges and tangerines (limonene)
    • Caraway and dill seeds (limonene)
    PHASE I INHIBITORS
    • Grapefruit (naringenin)
    • Turmeric (curcumin)
    • Capsicum (capsaicin)
    • Cloves (eugenol)
    • Onions (quercetin)
    We need nutrients as co-factors
    • Riboflavin
    • Niacin
    • Pyridoxine
    • B12
    • Glutathione
    • Neutralizes free radicals
    • Glutathione S Transferase enzyme
    • BCAA’s – Leucine, valine, isoleucine
    • Folate
    • Flavanoids
    • Phospholipids

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy