Objectives of DGs

‫‪Objectives Of DGs‬‬
‫عبدهللا إبراهيم كامل‬

Introduction
 Distributed Generation (DG) system : is a part of smart grid concept which is
presently forming the backbone of modern era power distribution networks.
 The DG systems are demarcated into two broad parts: (i) renewable energy sources
(RES) and (ii) fossil fuel based sources.
 RES include DGs like photovoltaic, wind turbines, biomass, small hydro, geothermal
etc.
 Fossil fuel DGs include internal combustion engines (IC), combustion turbines and
fuel cells.
 The DGs should be connected in distribution system in such a way that it avoids
degradation of power quality and reliability, which makes its placement a complex
combinatorial optimization issue requiring concurrent optimization of multiple
objectives
Objectives of Distributed Generation
 The majority of the DGP objectives were to minimize the real

power loss in network.
 In addition, other technical indices such as :
 reactive power loss.
 MVA capacity.
 Voltage profile.
 total spinning reserve.
 power flow reduction in critical line were used as objective
function in the form of single or multi objective for
optimization.
The detailed discussions of DGs Objectives
Power loss minimization
 line losses is one of the most important characteristics of network performance.

 So , DG units has been installed to minimize active power losses in the lines.
 Power losses are largely dependent on the location of DGs.
 Methods for power loss calculation for a complex distribution network are usually
based on load flow studies and analysis of real and reactive power flows which is
then used to calculate the total power loss of the system as the sum of losses of
individual components.
 Where : Pg=Plosses+Pload
 The power loss reduction is the most commonly used objective function in the DG
allocation problem.
In addition to DG placement, shunt capacitor units can be installed in order to
additionally reduce losses and enhance the voltage profile by providing reactive
power to the system,
Voltage Profile
 In DGAP, the voltage drop minimization is defined as an important objective function.

 The aim is to find the solution which minimizes the voltage drop at a location with the worst voltage profile.
This objective can be written as:
 where fv is the voltage function, Pij, Rij and Xij are the active power, resistance and reactance of branch
between nodes i and j, respectively.
 Voltage profile is one of the most important and frequently considered quantities in the DGAP domain
Reliability of the Distribution System
 Reliability improvement is one of the possible benefits of DG installation in distribution network.

 However, the reliability improvement comes at the cost of a need for islanding operation of DG, which requires
careful technical and safety considerations.
 In order to reflect the DG influence on reliability, the distributed generation supply during interruption (DGSI)
and distributed generation supply duration during interruption (DGSDI) are defined as :
Value of Deferred Investment
 DG have potential to defer investment in system capacity extension.
 DG installation can extend the transformer lifetime span and provide economic
benefits which follow an exponential-shaped trajectory, as a function of DG
penetration level.
 The Value of Deferred Investment (VDI), which can be determined by categorizing
the reduction of variable costs or deferring capacity investments is an important
DGAP consideration.
 The cost reduction associated with deferring capacity investments can be accurately
estimated.
 Defining Plimit as substation maximum capacity power,
 Pmax as the maximum power demand at the substation,
 DP as load increase rate and,
 finally, n as the number of years after which capacity extension will be required,
the required number of years n can be easily
mathematically determined as follows :
Parameters
 Where: Plimit : as substation maximum capacity power,

 Pmax : as the maximum power demand at the substation,
 DP : as load increase rate and,
 n : as the number of years after which capacity extension will be required.
 IC : as the investment cost.
 PV : as the present value of investment.
 Pdg : as the power of the installed DG.
 VDI : as The Value of Deferred Investment .

DG Dynamic Stability Analysis
 Generator dynamic stability studies have been traditionally reserved for transmission
systems .
 DG are usually not scrutinized in this sense mainly because they are connected to radial
networks and because the influence of eventual tripping is usually localized.
 However, DG sizing and sitting can be used as a measure for power system transient
stability enhancement.
 The broader context is mainly concerned with the increase in the popularity of micro grids
and the capability of network to operate in both standalone and grid connected mode.
 In this sense, transient stability and small signal analysis are becoming important and are
required in order to ensure safe and effective operation of the micro grid.
 This is mainly because of an interaction of control systems of DGs, switching operations
required for transition from standalone to grid connected mode (and vice versa) and low
inertia inherent to small DG.
 For these reasons, the DG stability analysis represents an important future research
direction which will try to ensure safe and effective operation

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‫‪Objectives Of DGs‬‬

‫عبدهللا إبراهيم كامل‬

 The majority of the DGP objectives were to minimize the real

 line losses is one of the most important characteristics of network performance.

 In DGAP, the voltage drop minimization is defined as an important objective function.

 Reliability improvement is one of the possible benefits of DG installation in distribution network.

 Where: Plimit : as substation maximum capacity power,

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