ME 207: Engineering Metallurgy

Course Objective...
Introduce fundamental concepts in Materials Science and Engineering
You will learn about:
• material structure
• how structure dictates properties
• how processing can change structure
This course will help you to:
• use materials properly
• realize new design opportunities
with materials

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 Chapter 1: Introduction
• Materials are important in all aspects of life including
Engineering
• Materials defines history, e.g.
• Stone age
• Bronze age
• Steel age
• Materials Science consists of four components:

• By manipulating these components, materials can be designed

for human need
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 Structure

Performance

Properties Processing

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 Structure and Properties
• Considering Structure and Properties in more detail:

• STRUCTURE: Many levels (or dimensions) of structure exists in

engineering materials

– Sub-atomic
– Atomic
– Microscopic (observed only by microscopes)
– Macroscopic (observed by naked eye)

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 Level of Structures
Materials are...
engineered structures...not black boxes!

Structure...has many dimensions...

Structural feature Dimension (m)

atomic bonding < 10 -10
missing/extra atoms 10 -10
crystals (ordered atoms) 10 -8 -10 -1
second phase particles 10 -8 -10 -4
crystal texturing > 10 -6
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• PROPERTIES:
– Properties determine response of material to external stimuli
– Properties are independent of Materials shape and size

PROPERTY STIMULUS or INPUT EXAMPLES/TYPES

Mechanical Load or Force Elastic Modulus

Strength
Electrical Electric Field Electrical Conductivity
Dielectric Constant
Thermal Heat Heat Capacity
Thermal Conductivity
Magnetic Magnetic Field Magnetization

Optical Electromagnetic or Light Radiation Index of Reflection

Index of Refraction
Deteriorative Chemical/Electrochemical Corrosion Rate
Reactions 6
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 Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel
(d)

600
Hardness (BHN)

30 m
500 (c)
400 (b)
(a)
4m
300
30 m
200 30 m

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
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 The Materials Selection Process
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

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 ELECTRICAL
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
6
Ni
5 at %
3.32


+
Cu Ni
(10 -8 Ohm-m)

4 t %
.16 a Ni
Resistivity,

2 t %
Cu + 1 .12 a
3 d C u+
r m e
de f o
t % Ni
2 a
+ 1.12
Cu
1 r e ” Cu
“Pu
0
-200 -100 0 T (°C)
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.
• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
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 THERMAL
• Space Shuttle Tiles: • Thermal Conductivity
--Silica fiber insulation of Copper:
offers low heat conduction. --It decreases when
you add zinc!

400

Thermal Conductivity
3 00

(W/m-K)
2 00

1 00
0
0 10 20 30 40
Composition (wt%Zinc)

100 m 13
 MAGNETIC
• Magnetic Storage: • Magnetic Permeability
--Recording medium vs. Composition:
is magnetized by --Adding 3 atomic % Si
recording head. makes Fe a better
recording medium!

Fe+3%Si

Magnetization
Fe

Magnetic Field

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 OPTICAL
• Transmittance:
--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.

Poly crystal: Poly crystal:

single crystal low porosity high porosity

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 DETERIORATIVE
• Stress & Saltwater... • Heat treatment: slows
--causes cracks! crack speed in salt water!

10-8 “as-is”

crack speed (m/s)

“held at
160C for 1hr
before testing”
10-10 Alloy 7178 tested in
saturated aqueous NaCl
solution at 23C

increasing load

4m
--material:
7150-T651 Al "alloy"
(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)

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 Classification of Materials
• The FOUR basic classes of materials based on (a)
Chemical make-up and (b) Atomic Structure are:

1. Metals and Alloys

2. Ceramics and Glasses
3. Polymers
4. Composites

• These basic material types are discussed in more

detail in the next chapter
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 Other Materials Types
Other Material Types include:
• Specialized Materials:

– Semiconductors

– Biomaterials

• Advanced materials

• Materials of the Future

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• SEMI-CONDUCTORS:
– Materials with electrical properties intermediate between electrical conductors
and insulators
– Electrical characteristics extremely sensitive to presence of minute
concentrations of impurity atoms
– Semi-conductors made possible advent of integrated circuitry (ICs) that totally
revolutionize computer and electronics industry
• BIOMATERIALS:
– Used in components implanted in human body for replacement of deceased or
damaged body parts
– Must not be toxic and should be compatible with body tissues
– All of the above materials can be used as Bio-Materials
• ADVANCED MATERIALS:
– Materials used in high-tech applications, that is, applications operating on
intricate and sophisticated principles
– Such as Electronic Equipments, Computers, Fiber-Optic Systems and Aero-Space
Applications
– Include traditional materials with enhanced properties or newly developed
materials. They are mostly expensive. 19
 Materials of the Future
• SMART or INTELLIGENT MATERIALS:
– Materials able to sense changes in environment and then respond to
the changes in predetermined manner
– Smart materials or systems consist of sensors (detecting input signal)
and actuators (perform a responsive and adaptive action). Also used in
MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical devices)
– Examples:
• Shape Memory Alloys: Metals after having been deformed, revert
back to the their original shapes when temperature is changed
• Piezoelectric ceramics: Expand and contract in response to an
electric field and vice versa
• NANOTECHNOLOGY and NANOMATERIALS:
– Materials produced by manipulating and moving atoms to form new
structures from atomic level
– Materials “designed” on nano-scale  less than 100 nanometers
– 1ºA = 10-10 m; 1 nm = 10-9 m; 1 µm = 10-6 m (Atomic size ~1-2ºA)
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 SUMMARY
Course Goals:

• Use the right material for the job

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection and development

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