EC1022 – Electrical Systems

Nimsiri Abhayasinghe
PhD(Curtin), MSc(Moratuwa), BSc Eng (Hons)
(Moratuwa)
Subashini De Silva
MSc(Colombo), BEng (Hons) (SHU)
Department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering
 Subject Team
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Dr. Nimsiri Abhayasinghe Ms. Subhashini De Silva

Mr. Anjana De Silva Ms. Thanushika Jathunga Mr. Khayam Sariffodeen

Welcome…!!!

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Electrical Systems 2021 Late Intake WhatsApp Group
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 Quick Intro of Students
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Please turn on your video for 2 minutes

Go to https://www.menti.com/2dvxe33xkz
 Or scan the QR
Some preliminaries…
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 Your abilities and performance
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 Examples from the history…

 Mr. Sampath Jayalath
 G.C.E. (A/L) – 3 S passes
 1st year – Batch top, GPA – 3.90 out of 4.00
 Final year average – 85
 Full scholarship for 2nd year
 Half scholarship for 3rd year
 SHU award winner
 Best overall performance award winner
 Completed MSc in Electrical Engineering at University of Cape Town
 Currently finishing PhD in Electrical Engineering specializing in
Power Electronics.
 A Lecturer at University of Cape Town
 A Message from Sampath
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“Nothing is impossible if you choose the right path

to achieve it. “Demotivation”, “criticism” “dispraise”
should fuel the determination inside you to achieve
the goal. Never let them fuel your anger as they will
destroy you and the goal.”
 He also wanted to add…
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I paid my first fees to SLIIT by pawn broking my

mother's wedding necklace. We were that much
financially down during that period as my father lost
his job and mother left the job as she dedicated her
time to look after my grandmother who was
paralyzed. I had many hard times. Some days, we ate
rice and pol sambal. I succeed with all those
difficulties. If it wasn't for you, who motivated me to
apply for scholarships, I may have dropped out from
SLIIT. However, it is life, nothing comes easily. So if I
could succeed with such hardships, there is no excuse
for any. But students need to find the correct path, for
that they have people like you.
Have you watched?
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 A message to you …
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I can only show you the door… You are the one that has to walk though it…
Have you watched?
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Now the course…
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Why Electrical/Electronic is important?

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 Course Outlines
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Introduction to Electronics
DC Circuit Analysis
 Units, components and terminology used in electrical and
electronic circuits
 Circuit theories
DC Circuit Analysis
 Steady state analysis of circuits
 What you will get…
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By the end of this module you will be able to:

Use electronic components in simple circuit analysis.
Apply basic circuit theorems and laws to solve DC
and AC circuit problems.
Solve problems in complex power, power factor and
power factor correction related to AC circuits.
Simulate basic electrical and electronic circuits using
simulation software.
 References
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Main text book

 A. H. Robbins and W. C. Miller, Circuit Analysis – Theory and
Practice (5th ed.), Delmar, 2013.
 Others – you may use any other online and/or printed
resources (optional)
 Software Used
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NI Multisim (Link)

Electric Circuit Studio Android App (Link)
 Assessments
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Continuous Assessments – 40 %
 Mid-Semester Examination – 15 %
 Lab Assignments – 25 %
Final Exam – 60 %
 Timetable
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Lecture – Mondays 10.30 am – 12.30 am

Tutorial – Tuesday 1.30 pm – 2.30 pm
Subject Clinics – Thursday 8.30 am – 9.30 am
 Something about Lab Classes
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All lab classes have…

 Pre-lab component
 In-lab component
 Some work after labs too
You will be developing
an add-on board for
Arduino Uno board!!!
Project based learning
 Courseweb
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Web: http://courseweb.sliit.lk
Course: Faculty of Engineering > B.Sc. (Hons)
Engineering (SLIIT) > 1st Year > 1st Semester > 2021 >
2021 July> Electrical Systems – EC1022
Enrolment key: EC1022
Course Lecturers
 Dr. Nimsiri Abhayasinghe
 Email: nimsiri.a@sliit.lk
 Mobile: 0773401309, 0714401309 (available on WhatsApp)
 Ms. Subhashini de Silva
 Email: subashini.d@sliit.lk
 Mobile: 0712092608 (available on WhatsApp)
Electrical and Electronic
Systems
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Basic Electric Circuits and

Components
Electric Components
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 Key Components of an Electric Circuit
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An electric circuit needs

 a power source
 a control element and
 a load
 Key Components of and Electric Circuit
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Power sources
 DC – Batteries
 AC
Control elements
 Switches
 Other types of controllers
Loads
 Bulbs/lamps
 Motors
 Passive loads – Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors
Batteries
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Unit: Volts
Notation: V
 Other Power Sources
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Power adapters
Main power
 Control Elements – Switches
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Single pole – single throw

Single pole – double throw
Double pole – single throw
Double pole – double throw
 Output Devices / Loads
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Lamps
Fans/motors
Other loads
 Resistors
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 Unit: Ohms
 Notation: 
 Fixed resistors
 Carbon film resistors
 Metal film resistors

 Variable Resistors

 Thermistor (Thermally sensitive resistor)

 NTC
 PTC
 Resistors
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Light Dependant Resistors - LDR

 Construction of Resistors
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Carbon/Metal Film
Resistors

Wire Wound Resistors

Variable Resistor
 Resistors
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Standard resistor values

 E3 – [1], [2.2], [4.7] and [10] 50% tolerance (no longer used)
 E6 – [1], [1.5], [2.2], [3.3], [4.7], [6.8], [10] 20% tolerance
 E12 – [1], [1.2], [1.5], [1.8], [2.2], [2.7], [3.3], [3.9], [4.7], [5.6],
[6.8], [8.2], [10] 10% tolerance
 E24 – 5% tolerance
 E48 – 2% tolerance
 E96 – 1% tolerance
 E192 – 0.5, 0.25, 0.1% and higher tolerances
Resistor Colour Code
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 What is the value of the following resistors?
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Brown, Green, Brown

Yellow, Purple, Orange
 Capacitors
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Symbols:
Unit: Farads
Notation: F
Construction of Capacitors
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 Capacitors
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Types:
 Tantalum Capacitors

 Ceramic Capacitors

 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

 Polystyrene Film Capacitors

 Capacitors
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Types:
 Electric Double Layer Capacitors (Super Capacitors)

 Polyester Film Capacitors

 Polypropylene Capacitors
 Capacitors
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Types:
 Mica Capacitors
 Electrolytic Capacitors (Electrochemical type capacitors)

 Variable Capacitors
 Capacitor Values
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J – 5%
K – 10%

10 10 pF  10%
4
 Inductors
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Air core
Iron core Unit: Henry Notation: H
Ferrite core
Inductance
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Inductor Colour Code
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 Transformers
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Air core
Iron core
Ferrite core

V1 n1

V2 n2
Relays
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Summery of Symbols
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 Electric Circuits
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Circuit connections
 Circuit Representations
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Block Diagrams
 Describes a circuit in a simplified way
 Circuit Representations
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Pictorial Diagrams
 Simple way of providing details
 Circuit Representations
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Schematic Diagrams
 Use standard symbols for the representation
Electronic Prototyping
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Prototyping Techniques
 Electronic Product Development Process
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 Steps involved in electronic product development

 Product Concept Creation: product design and functional features are
determined
 Proof-of-Concept: write design specifications, and analyze product uses
 Device development: create a design and project documentation package
for the created device
 Assembly and verification of pilot batch: manufacture a pilot batch for
verifying the device operability and eliminating any possible errors made
in the design stage
 Certification tests: test whether the conditions for certifications are
satisfied
 Preparation for production and pilot batch launch:
 Full-scale production: industrial production of the device, ready to be
sold to the end user
 Initial Design and Simulation
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The circuit is designed to meet the requirements

specified during Product Concept Creation
Simulation of the circuit is recommended before
making the prototype.
Simulation software:
 Time domain – e.g. Multisim, Proteus
 Frequency domain – e.g. OrCAD Pspice
Android apps:
 Electric Circuit Studio – support both time domain and
transient analysis
Software
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 Prototyping
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Solderless breadboard
Springboard
Wire wrap
Perfboard and Solder
Generic Printed-Circuit Board
“Dead Bug,” or “Ugly-board”
Printed circuit board (PCB)
 Solderless Breadboard
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Advantages Disadvantages

Very fast to build and Limited reliability – lab

make changes. testing only, for limited-

Works well with DIP size circuits.
High capacitance between
ICs adjacent rows (~ 10 pF).
Only for small-lead-size
components (.032˝ or
0.82 mm max—a 1 A diode
lead is just barely too big
to meet the spec.)
 Springboard
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Advantages Disadvantages

 Fast to build and make  Can’t accommodate small

changes. lead spacings such as on ICs.
 Accommodates large wire  Although it is reliable
sizes. enough for long-term use,
 Secure, reliable connections. it’s expensive for that
 Can handle higher purpose.
current/power.
 Wire-Wrap
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 Connections made by fine wire Advantages
wrapped tightly around square  Fast to build and make changes.
 Can make a complex circuit compact.
pins of special IC sockets.  Reliable.
 A great way to make a  Can be used permanently.
permanent version of a digital  Inexpensive.
circuit almost as quickly as Disadvantages
using a solderless breadboard.  Low current—limited to under a few
hundred mA.
 High inductance/resistance—on the
order of 0.1 ohm, 0.25 mH per foot.
 Only makes reliable connections to
square leads (as are on wire-wrap IC
sockets). Discrete components (e.g.,
resistors, capacitors, transistors) need
to be soldered to a “header” that goes
in an IC socket or to individual wire-
wrap pins.
 Perfboard and Solder
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Using the same Advantages
perfboard as used in  Reliable, if done well.
wire-wrap work, it is  Can be used permanently.
possible to simply twist  Inexpensive.
and solder leads, and run  Can handle any size
wires where needed. components
 Convenient for working
with discrete components.
Disadvantages
 Slow, requires skill to do
well.
 Works for ICs, but not very
easily.
 Perfboard and Solder: Variations
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 Perfboard with individual copper
pads on each hole so that the
solder will better hold things in
place.
 Perfboard with a perforated
ground plane. Provides the
shielding and grounding benefits
of a ground plane, and makes
ground connections easy, but
requires care to avoid shorts. Some
have the ground plane etched from
around the holes; others require
you to cut the copper away from
the holes with a special tool. This is
also possible with wire-wrap, as in
the photo in that section.
 Generic Printed-Circuit Board
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 Multiple hole-per-pad Advantages
 Easier than using plain perfboard,
 A printed circuit board especially for ICs.
with a pattern of holes  Reliable.
 Can be used permanently.
and connections similar  Available with ground planes if
to a solderless needed.

breadboard Disadvantages
 Usually not as compact a final circuit
as some alternatives, because you
are constrained by layout.
 Pads bigger than needed can add
capacitance, but not much.
 Can be expensive, especially the
“vectorboard” brand.
 Sometimes awkward for odd sized or
large components.
 “Dead Bug,” or “Ugly-board”
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Start with a plain copper-
clad board. Glue ICs
down with the leads
sticking up in the air.
Then solder to them.
 “Dead Bug,” or “Ugly-board”
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Advantages Disadvantages

 Provides an excellent  Requires high soldering skill.

 Takes a long time to build.
ground plane. Can be a
 Mechanical support for
high performance way to
components is marginal; can add
build sensitive and/or high
glue (“RTV” ) after debugging.
frequency analogue circuits  Only makes reliable connections
 Can make a complex circuit to square leads (as are on wire-
compact. wrap IC sockets). Other
 Reliable. components (e.g., resistors,
capacitors, transistors) need to be
 Can be used permanently. soldered to a “header” that goes
 Inexpensive. in an IC socket or to individual
wirewrap pins.
 Printed Circuit Board (PCB)
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Advantages Disadvantages

 Easy to build in production.  Laying out the board and getting

 Repeatable, controllable it fabricated takes time, although

you can pay for fabrication in a
stray L, C. few days if you can afford it.
 Can handle virtually any  Expensive, on the order of
component, power level. hundreds of dollars for one, but
 Highly reliable. with almost no increase in cost
to make many.
 Can make very compact.
 Hard to make changes, but
 Design can be (somewhat) making changes may be easier
automated from a than building another type of
schematic you have entered. prototype.
 PCB – Surface Mount
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Most modern production designs now use surface-

mount components instead of “ through hole”
components. The circuits can be more compact, and
the board layout is easier because different things
can be done on each side (and in additional layers
between sides) without through-holes interfering.
But prototyping gets much more difficult!
68
 Units
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International System of Units

Le Système International d'Unités
(SI Units)
Some SI Base Units
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Some SI Derived Units
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Unit Conversion
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Power of Ten Notation
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Engineering Prefixes
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 Significant Digits and Numerical
Accuracy
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Significant Digits - The number of digits in a number

that carry actual information
If we say the length of a piece of wire is 3.57 meters long,
we mean that its length is closer to 3.57 m than it is to
3.56 m or 3.58 m and we have three significant digits.
If we say that it is 3.570 m, we mean that it is closer to
3.570 m than to 3.569 m or 3.571 m and we have four
significant digits.
Zeros used to locate the decimal point are not counted are
not counted as significant. 0.004 57 has three significant
digits; this can be seen if you express it as 4.57 × 10-3.
 Significant Digits and Numerical
Accuracy
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If A = 3.76 and B = 3.7, what is A × B?

If A and B are exact, then A × B = 13.912
But if A and B are measured, they will have errors
and so the answer will also have some uncertainty.
Lets say A = 3.76 ± 0.01 and B = 3.7 ± 0.1
 A – 3.75 ~3.77 and B – 3.6 ~ 3.8
 So the product can be as small as 3.75 × 3.6 = 13.50 or as large
as 3.77 × 3.8 = 14.326
 The best we can say is that the product is close to 14. It is not
even 14.0
 Rule of Thumb
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The number of significant digits in a result due to

multiplication or division is the same as the number
of significant digits in the number with the least
number of significant digits.
In the previous example, 3.7 got 2 significant digits,
so the product is given as 14, not 14.0
 Adding and Subtraction
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e.g. suppose two currents are measured as 24.7 A

and 123 mA (i.e., 0.123 mA). Their sum is 24.823 A.
However, the right-hand digits 23 in the answer are
not significant as those decimal places are not
significant in the 1st number.
 References
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“Product Development Process”,

http://www.umcglobal.com/product-development-s
tages
/
“Prototyping Methods” by Charles Sullivan
(Associate Professor, Thayer School of Engineering,
Dartmouth College) http://www.dartmouth.edu/~
sullivan/prototyping.pdf