What kind of graphs are appropriate in Bar graph

presenting qualitative data?

Pie chart
What kind of graphs are appropriate in
presenting quantitative data?

Bar graph histogram Frequency Ogive

Frequency Polygon Pie chart

1
What is the center of your life today?

Why?

2
 Measures of Central Tendency
Objectives:

1. identify which measure of center is appropriate

for a data set;
2. solve mean, weighted mean, median, and mode of
the given set of data;
3. discuss the importance of time management in
doing certain task.
1. What do you mean by word Measure?
Central? Tendency?
2. Why do we need to locate the center of the Data?

3. What is the purpose?

4
Measures of Central Tendency
A measure of central tendency is a
descriptive statistic that describes the
average, or typical value of a set of scores
What are the common measures of central
tendency?
the mode
the median
the mean
Weighted mean 5
 The Mode

The mode x̂ is the 6

score or observation 5

that occurs most 4

Frequency
frequently in a set of 3
data 2

0
75 80 85 90 95
Score on Exam 1

6
 Bimodal Distributions
When a distribution 6

has two “modes,” it is 5

called bimodal 4

Frequency
3

0
75 80 85 90 95
Score on Exam 1

7
 Multimodal Distributions
If a distribution has 6

more than 2 “modes,” 5

it is called multimodal 4

Frequency
3

0
75 80 85 90 95
Score on Exam 1

8
 When To Use the Mode
The mode is not a very useful measure of central
tendency
It is insensitive to large changes in the data set
That is, two data sets that are very different from each
other can have the same mode
7 120

6 100

5
80
4
60
3
40
2

1 20

0 0 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
 When To Use the Mode
The mode is primarily used with nominally
scaled data
It is the only measure of central tendency that is
appropriate for nominally scaled data

10
 The Median
The median x  is simply another name for
the 50th percentile
It is the score in the middle; half of the scores
are larger than the median and half of the scores
are smaller than the median

11
 How To Calculate the Median
Sort the data from highest to lowest
If N, the number of scores, is odd find the score in
the middle
middle = (N + 1) / 2
If N, the number of scores, is even the median is
the average of the middle two scores

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 Median Example
What is the median of the following scores:
10 8 14 15 7 3 3 8 12 10 9
Sort the scores:
15 14 12 10 10 9 8 8 7 3 3
Determine the middle score:
middle = (N + 1) / 2 = (11 + 1) / 2 = 6
Middle score = median = 9
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 Median Example
What is the median of the following scores:
24 18 19 42 16 12
Sort the scores:
42 24 19 18 16 12
Median = average of 3rd and 4th scores:
(19 + 18) / 2 = 18.5

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 When To Use the Median
The median is often used when the data are
ordinal, interval, or ratio scaled.

15
 The Mean
The mean is:
the arithmetic average of all the scores
(X)/N
The mean of a population is represented by
the Greek letter ; the mean of a sample is
represented by X

16
 Calculating the Mean
Calculate the mean of the following data:
1 5 4 3 2
Sum the scores (X):
1 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 = 15
Divide the sum (X = 15) by the number of
scores (N = 5):
15 / 5 = 3
Mean = X = 3
17
 When To Use the Mean
You should use the mean when
the data are interval or ratio scaled
The mean is preferred because it is sensitive
to every score
If you change one score in the data set, the
mean will change

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The Weighted Mean

19
20
Example: Calculate weighted mean from the following
data:
Items Expenditure Weights (wi)
(Rs.) (xi)
Food 290 7.5
Rent 54 2
Clothing 98 1.5
Fuel and Light 75 1
Others 75 0.5

21
Calculate the product xi wi .
Items Expenditure (xi) Weights (wi) Xi w i
Food 290 7.5 2175
Rent 54 2 108
Clothing 98 1.5 147
Fuel and Light 75 1 75
Others 75 0.5 37.5
Total 12.5 2542.5

Substitute to the formula

2542.5
xw   203.4
12.5 22
 Example 2. Calculate the weighted mean of the
following indicators

Attitude of the students towards Calculus SA A NS D S

D xw
5 4 3 2 1
1. I enjoy learning Calculus if more time is allocated 13 7 3 1 1 4.20
for the subject.
2. What I learn in Calculus is useful outside lectures. 9 11 2 2 1 4.00
3. I always ask the teacher if I do not understand the 14 5 3 1 2 4.12
Calculus topic.
4. I review more on Calculus topic compared to other 10 7 4 2 2 3.84
topics.
5. Calculus is not boring. 11 8 4 1 1 4.08
 When To Use The Weighted
Mean
You should use the weighted mean when
Data are in ordinal scale
In the data set, if some observations have more
importance as compared to other observations then
taking simple average is misleading.

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 Board Work
1. A food inspector examined a random sample of 7
cans of a certain brand of tuna to determine the percent
of foreign impurities. The following data were recorded:
1.8, 2.1, 1.7, 1.6, 0.9, 2.7 and 1.8. Find the mean, median
and mode.
2. The nicotine contents for a random sample of 6
cigarettes of a certain brand are found to be 2.3, 2.7, 2.5,
2.9, 3.9 and 2.9. Find the mean, median and mode.

25
 Board Work
3. Find the weighted mean of the following indicators.
Attitude of the students towards S A NS D S xw
Calculus A D
5 4 3 2 1

1. I need to do a lot of Calculus 8 6 4 1 1

exercises.
2. Learning Calculus is a not waste of 6 7 3 3 1
time.
3. What I learned in Calculus will be 6 6 5 1 2
important when I further my study at the
degree level.
4. I will do extra Calculus exercises than 9 7 1 2 1 26
 How important is the time in
completing the specific task?

27
 Assignment
Solve what is asked in the following problems. Write your
answers in 1 whole sheet of paper.
1. The number of incorrect answers on a true-false
competency test for a random sample of 15 students
were recorded as follows: 2, 1, 3, 0, 1, 3, 6, 0, 3, 3, 5, 2,
1, 4, and 2. Find the mean, median and mode.

28
 2. Find the weighted mean of the following indicators

Attitude of the students towards S A N D S x

w
Calculus A S D
5 4 3 2 1

1. Calculus is related to the field that I 5 5 4 4 2

will involve in.
2. I learn Calculus first before 6 7 4 3 0
attending lectures.
3. I try to relate Calculus with my 8 6 4 1 1
everyday life.
4. When I learn Calculus, I will use it 5 9 3 2 1
in my everyday life. 29
5. It is important that students learn 4 7 5 2 2