Class RD Unit5

RESEARCH DESIGNS
1
Research process in flow chart
Design research
Define research
problem FF
Collect data
Review concepts
Theories and
previous research
findings Analyze data
F
Formulate
hypothesis Interpret &
report
Research Framework
Copyright © 20 03 Joh n W ile y & S ons , Inc. S e ka ra n/RES EARCH 4E FIGURE 6.1
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Research Designs
Meaning :
 A detailed plan & structure of investigation so

conceived as to find answers to the research
questions.
 A blueprint for the smooth conduct of research.
 RD not only anticipates

and specifies the countless decisions
connected with data collection , processing &
analysis but it presents a logical basis for
these decisions.
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Why Research Designs ?
It provides a blueprint.
It limits the boundaries of research.
(Delimitations)
It enables the researcher to anticipate the
potential problems & can prepare him to
tackle the same.
It ensures better co ordination among the
members of the research team.
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Why Research Designs ?
Goals of RD ---
 To amass more & more evidence in support of
given hypo.
 To make the study replicable( worth repeating
if the results are significant).
 To determine if pilot study is needed.
 To associate variables with one another.
 To plan appropriate strategy for data
collection.
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The Research Design
DETAILS OF STUDY MEASUREMENT
Purpose of the Types of Extent of researcher Study setting Measurement DATA

study investigation interference and measures ANALYSIS
Exploration Establishing: Minimal: Studying 1. Feel

Description – Causal relationships events as they normally Contrived Operational for data
Hypothesis testing – Correlations occur Noncontrived definition
– Group differences, Manipulation and/or Scaling
PROBLEM STATEMENT
ranks, etc. control and/or simulation
2. Goodness
of data
Data-
Unit of analysis Sampling Time
collection
(population to be Design horizon
method
studied) 3. Hypothesis
Individuals testing
Observation
Dyads Probability/ One-shot
Interview
Groups nonprobability (crosssectional)
Questionnaire
Organizations Sample size (n) Longitudinal
Physical
Machines
measurement
etc.
Exploratory research
An exploratory study is undertaken when

not much is known about the situation at
hand or no information is available on how
similar issues have been solved in the past
 Women in workplace in India
 New product and market
Provides preliminary information for full-
fledged study
EXAMPLES…
EXPLORATORY---- Feasibility studies are

exploratory in nature. New areas of research
eg. ethnic culture & its effect on org.,
diversity in org. etc.
An organization considering a program to

help employees with child-care needs can do
an exploratory research with a small number
of employees who have problem in keeping
children during working hours and identify
their reactions and the possibility of a child-
care program.
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Exploratory Research
Initial research conducted to clarify and

define the nature of a problem
Does not provide conclusive evidence
Subsequent research expected
Descriptive research
1. Understands the characteristics (of variables) of group
in a given situation
2. Offer ideas for further probe and research
3. Help make certain simple decision
4. Based on some previous understanding of the nature of
the research problem
Eg: A bank manager wants to have a profile of the
individuals who have loan payments outstanding for 6
months and more. It would include details of their average
age, earnings, nature of occupation, full-time/ part-time
employment status, and the like.
This might help him to elicit further information or decide
right away on the types of individuals who should be made
ineligible for loan in the future.
EXAMPLES…
DESCRIPTIVE--- Customer profile, Market trend,

Consumer perception etc.
In organisations, these studies help them to

learn about and describe the characteristics of a
group of employees. eg. Age, educational level,
job status etc.; to understand the characteristics
of organizations that follow certain common
practices like QMS, EMS etc.
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Explanatory
EXPLANATORY--- undertaken when relationship

among different variables is to be established.
Explanatory--- Cause & effect relationship is estd.

through these studies. eg. Relationship between
expenditure on advertising & sales
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Relationship among three types
Every subject passes through all the three types of
research. Initially when either nothing or very little
is known ,one goes through the phase of exploration.
Once the variables are identified then the subject

takes a turn to descriptive studies & tries to get a
profile of different concerned attributes.
After getting a clear description of the variables the

researcher goes to establish the relationship of these
variables. This is culminated by the testing of various
hypotheses which ultimately leads to the formulation
of a theory.
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Relationship …..
EXPLO- DESCRI- EXPLANA-

RATORY PTIVE TORY
Study Study Study
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III
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Degree of Problem Definition
Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Causal Research
(Unaware of Problem)(Aware of Problem) (Problem Clearly Defined)
“Our sales are declining and “What kind of people are buying “Will buyers purchase more of
possible situation
we don’t know why.” our product? Who buys our our products in a new package?
competitor’s product?”
“Would people be interested “Which of two advertising
in our new product idea?” “What features do buyers prefer campaigns is more effective?”
in our product?”
Steps of an Exploratory Study
1) Identify the problem
2) Gather preliminary info. through interviews
3) Form focus groups
4) Arrive at conclusions
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Steps of a Descriptive Study
( SURVEY)

2) Formulate objectives
3) Review literature
4) Identify variables
5) Draw Conceptual framework
6) Formulate hypotheses (if any)
7) Construct tools
8) Collect data
9) Analyse data ( Descriptive Statistics )
10) Test hypotheses (if any)
11) Arrive at conclusion
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Steps of an Explanatory Study

2) Formulate objectives
3) Review Literature
4) Identify variables
5) Draw Conceptual framework
6) Formulate hypotheses
7) Construct tools
8) Conduct experiment ( if any)
9) Collect data
10) Analyse data (Descriptive & Inferential Statistics)
11) Test hypotheses
12) Arrive at conclusion
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Types of Explanatory Study
Explanatory studies are conducted to arrive at
the nature of relationship among different
variables. They try to establish cause &
effect relationship between variables. This
is done in two ways.
1) Ex-post facto study
2) Experimental study
a) Field expt.
b) Lab expt.
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Ex Post Facto Studies
It is an empirical enquiry for situations that have

already occurred. Investigator has no control over
the variables in the sense that he is not able to
manipulate them. He can only report what has
happened & establish cause & effect relationship.
eg. Market failure of a product , Sudden rise of a

share’s market price ,
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Contents of Research Proposal
 Need for study
 Review of Related Literature
 Objectives of the study
 Definitions of the terms
 Delimitations of the study
 Concept Map
 Hypotheses
 Research Design
 Tools & Techniques of data collection
 Sampling design
 Data collection procedures
 Proposed techniques of data analysis
 Budget
 Time schedule
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THANK YOU
23

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RESEARCH DESIGNS

 A detailed plan & structure of investigation so

 A blueprint for the smooth conduct of research.

 RD not only anticipates

DETAILS OF STUDY MEASUREMENT

Purpose of the Types of Extent of researcher Study setting Measurement DATA

Exploration Establishing: Minimal: Studying 1. Feel

ranks, etc. control and/or simulation

An exploratory study is undertaken when

EXPLORATORY---- Feasibility studies are

An organization considering a program to

Initial research conducted to clarify and

DESCRIPTIVE--- Customer profile, Market trend,

In organisations, these studies help them to

EXPLANATORY--- undertaken when relationship

Explanatory--- Cause & effect relationship is estd.

Once the variables are identified then the subject

After getting a clear description of the variables the

EXPLO- DESCRI- EXPLANA-

PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III

1) Identify the problem

2) Gather preliminary info. through interviews

3) Form focus groups

1) Identify the problem

1) Identify the problem

1) Ex-post facto study

It is an empirical enquiry for situations that have

eg. Market failure of a product , Sudden rise of a

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