APA 7 Edition

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  Rules for student papers are slightly
different than a professional paper. This
PowerPoint will focus on formatting
APA for Student student papers, including title page,
Papers headings, documentation, in-text
citations, and other various guidelines.
  No running head unless instructed by professor
or publisher
 Titles should be in bold type (including title
page and title within the paper)
 More font changes are acceptable
 Level headings are different
 For documentation of sources, no city, state of
APA Changes publication is required; the words “Retrieved
from” are no longer needed before URLs
 For in-text citations, if there are 3 or more
authors or editors of a source, only the last name
of the first author is used, followed by “et al”
  Rules for font sizes are more lenient.
 a sans serif font such as 11-point
APA for Student Calibri, 11-point Arial, or 10-point
Lucida Sans Unicode or a serif font such
Papers as 12-point Times New Roman, 11-point
Georgia, or normal (10-point)
  Running head (optional)
 Title (bold)
Title Page  Author byline
Format  Affiliation
 Due Date
  New changes for 7th edition for Title Page:
 Running head is no longer required unless
professor requires one. If professor requires
a header, then the following information is
needed:
 Include a running head fewer than 50
Title Page characters and are left aligned; capitalize
(headers) every letter
 The words “Running head:” no longer
appear as a label on the first page
 Page numbers are still right aligned,
with title page as number 1
  New changes for 7th edition for Title Page:
 Titles are placed in the upper 2/3rds of the title
page in bold print, center aligned.
 All words should be capitalized except the
following: articles (a, an, the);conjunctions (so,
but, nor, and, or, yet, for); prepositions that are
Title Page (title three letters or fewer ( examples: on, in, for, at,
by, of)
information)  Titles are normally 12 words or fewer
 If colons are included in titles, the first letter of
the first word should be capitalized
 Lines should be double spaced
  Below the title, type the author byline: first name, middle
initial (if applicable), and last name
 If there is more than one author, then list the authors’ names
in order of their contribution (or alphabetical order), and
separate names with a comma. Use “and” before the last
Title Page (author name.
information)
Example: Whitney Post, Sam Ruitz, and Matt Henson
or
Matt Henson, Whitney Post, and Sam Ruitz
Sample Title Page
Headings
 Level Format
1 Centered, Bold, Title Case Heading
Text begins as a new paragraph.

2 Flush Left, Bold, Title Case Heading

Text begins as a new paragraph.

3 Flush Left, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading

Level Headings Text begins as a new paragraph.

4 Indented, Bold, Title Case Heading, Ending With a Period. Text begins on
the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.

5 Indented, Bold Italic, Title Case Heading, Ending With a Period. Text begins
on the same line and continues as a regular paragraph.

APA (2020)
Summarizing, Paraphrasing,
and Quoting
 • When you summarize, you put the main
idea(s) into your own words, including only
the main point(s).
• Summarized ideas must be attributed to
Summarizing the original source.
• Summaries are significantly shorter than
the original.
• Summaries take a broad overview of
source material.
 Summarize any ideas or text that you believe are important.
Proper summarization should condense the main idea or text
of several pages (or even the entire source!) into a brief
overview.
By summarizing you save many paragraphs or pages of
unnecessary text. When using in-text citations for
summaries, you must always cite the author and publication
Summarizing year.
If there is no author listed, cite the article name using the
main words of the title and placing quotation marks “ “
around them.
Summaries do not require page numbers; this is because the
text summarized will usually cover several pages of text.
 EX: Studies show that throughout colleges and
universities teachers are often hired from one area of
study to teach a different area of study (Carpini, 2004;
Wilson, 1998).
 • Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from
source material into your own words.

• Attribute paraphrases to their original

sources.

Paraphrasing • Paraphrases are usually shorter than, but may

be the same length as the original passage.
• Paraphrases take a more focused segment of
the source and condense it slightly.

• EX: Lortie’s (1975) research reveals that

classroom experiences as well as interactions
among peers and colleagues contribute to teacher
learning (p. 79).
 • Quotations must be identical to the original.
• Quotations use a narrow segment of the
source.
• They must match the source document
word for word and must be attributed to
the original author.
• Use quotes when the actual words are so
Quoting integral to the discussion that they
cannot be replaced.
• Use quotes when the author’s words are
so precisely and accurately stated that
they cannot be paraphrased.
EX: Stenberg and Lee (2002) agree that teacher
learning is an “intellectual and ongoing process”
(p. 327).
  Signal phrases introduce someone else’s
work – they signal that the words and ideas
that are about to be offered belong to
someone other than the author of the paper. *
Signal Phrases According to Jones (2013), research
reveals….(p.4).
and In-Text  In-text citations are the parenthetical pieces
Citation of information that appear usually at the end
of a quote, paraphrase, or summary (though
they sometimes appear before). * (Jones,
2013, p. 4)
 A simple rule:
Author or Title, Year, and Page: what isn’t
signaled up front must be cited at the end.
 • Limited signal, everything in citation
• Blah, blah, blah. . . end of paraphrased sentence,
in which you convey the author's ideas in your
own words (Krepp, 1985, p. 103).
Signal Phrases • Blah, blah, blah " end of quoted sentence"
(Krepp, 1985, p. 103).
and In-Text
Citation • Author and year in signal, page in citation
(continued)
• Krepp (1985) reveals that . . . (p. 103).
• According to Krepp (1985), ". . ." (p. 103).
  Multiple Authors signaled (Alphabetical)
*Studies (Jones, 1966; Krepp, 1985; Smith,
1973) show that….
No Author
Signal Phrases 

("Stocks Lose Again," 1991, p. B16).

and In-Text *According to the news article “Stocks
Citation Lose Again” (1991), the recent accounts
of … (p. B16).
(continued)  No Page Number
Provide other information in signal phrase
*According to the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (2014) website,
……….
Documentation
  Invert all individual authors’ names, providing the surname first,
followed by a comma and the author’s initials.
Example: Author, A. A.
 Use a comma to separate an author’s initials from additional author
names, even when there are only two authors. Use an ampersand (&)
before the final author’s name.
Example: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B.
Number of Authors  Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20 authors.
(for a References When there are two to 20 authors, use an ampersand before the final
author’s name.
page) Example: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C.
 When there are 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’
names, insert an ellipsis (but no ampersand), and then add the final
author’s name.

APA (2020)
  Single Author Example:
In-Text  (Richards, 2020)

Citations

Based on Two Authors Example:
 (Richards & Trentham, 2020)
Number of
Authors  Three or More Authors Example:
 (Richards et al., 2020)
  Write the author’s name exactly as it appears on the published work,
including hyphenated surnames and two-part surnames.

Example:
Santos-García, S., & Velasco Rodríguez, M. L.

 Retain the author’s preferred capitalization.

Unique Authors
Example:
hooks, b.
van der Waal, P. N.

APA (2020)
 Reference List Citation:
When two authors of the same source share a surname, use first
initials with the last names.
Ehrlich, P., & Ehrlich, A. (1998). Betrayal of science and reason:
How anti-environmental rhetoric threatens our future. Island
Press.
Two Authors
In-Text Citation:
with the Same
If multiple authors within a single reference share the same
Last Name surname, the initials are not needed in the in-text citation; cite
the work in the standard author–date format.

(Ehrlich & Ehrlich, 1998)

  When multiple references have an identical author (or
Citing Works authors) and publication year, include a lowercase letter
after the year. These letters are assigned when the
With the Same references are placed in order in the reference list.

Author and  The year–letter combination is used in both the in-text

citation and the reference list entry. Use only the year
Year with a letter in the in-text citation, even if the reference
list entry contains a more specific date.
In-text: (Blondaux & O'Hanrahan, 2018a)

Reference list: Blondaux and O'Hanrahan (2018b)

  Kang, C. (2020a, October 28). Big tech’s chief
executives are becoming regulars on Capitol Hill.
New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/28/tec
Web Sources with hnology/big-techs-chief-executives-are-
becoming-regulars-on-capitol-hill.html
the Same Author,
 Kang, C. (2020b, October 22). Top investigator in
Same Year, and Google case says there ‘was not a rush’ to sue.
Different Day of New York Times.
Post https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/tec
hnology/doj-google-jeffrey-rosen.html
 In-text citation examples
Parenthetical: (Kang 2020a; Kang 2020b)
Narrative: Kang (2020a)and (2020b)
  On a page from an organizational or government agency website, the
organization or government agency itself is considered the author,
unless otherwise specified. The author of a webpage or website may
also be located on an “about us” or acknowledgments page.
 An abbreviation for the group author can be used in the text (e.g.,
NIMH for National Institute of Mental Health); however, do not
include an abbreviation for a group author in a reference list entry.

Organization As Correct: National Institute of Mental Health.

Author
Incorrect: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).
Incorrect: NIMH.

APA (2020)
  When numerous layers of government agencies are listed as the author of a
work, use the most specific agency as the author in the reference (e.g., use
“National Institute of Nursing Research” rather than “U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute
of Nursing Research”). The names of parent agencies not present in the group
author name appear in the source element as the publisher.
Example:

 National Institute of Nursing Research. (2015). A family’s

Government perspective: Pediatric palliative care stories (NIH
Agencies As Publication No. 15-NR-8018). U.S. Department of

Author Health and Human Services, National Institutes of

Health. https://www.ninr.nih.gov/sites/files/docs/
NINR_508c_FamilyStories_0.pdf
Parenthetical citation: (National Institute of Nursing Research, 2015)
Narrative citation: National Institute of Nursing Research (2015)

APA (2020)
Books
 Electronic:
 Jackson, L. M. (2019). The psychology of prejudice:
From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.).
American Psychological Association. https://
doi.org/10.1037/0000168-000
Print:

Print and  Sapolsky, R. M. (2017). Behave: The biology of

humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books.
Electronic Books
Parenthetical citations: (Jackson, 2019)
(Sapolsky, 2017)
Narrative citations:
From the research of Jackson (2019) and Sapolsky (2017), a clear percentage
of …………..

APA (2020)
  Crimi, C. (2019). Weird little robots (C. Luyken, Illus.).
Candlewick Press.
 Pitman, G. E. (2016). This day in June (K. Litten, Illus.).
Magination Press.
 Slater, D. (2017). The antlered ship (T. Fan & E. Fan, Illus.).

Children’s Book Beach Lane Books.

with Illustrator Parenthetical citations: (Crimi, 2019)

Different Than (Pitman, 2016)
Author (Slater, 2017)
Narrative citations:
The research conducted by Crimi (2019), Pitman (2016), and Slater
(2017) revealed……………

APA (2020)
  Beaton, K. (2016). King baby (K. Beaton, Illus.). Arthur A.
Levine Books.

Parenthetical citation: (Beaton, 2016)

Children’s Book
with Author Same Narrative citation: Beaton (2016) illustrated the story……….

As Illustrator

APA (2020)
  Numeroff, L. J. (2007). If you give a mouse a cookie (F.
Bond, Illus.). Laura Geringer Books. (Original work
published 1985)
 Sendak, M. (2012). Where the wild things are (M. Sendak,
Illus.; 50th anniversary ed.). HarperCollins Publishers.
(Original work published 1963)
Republished or
Anniversary Parenthetical citations: (Numeroff, 1985/2007)
Addition of a (Sendak, 1963/2012)

Children’s Book Narrative citations:

The books by Numeroff (1985/2007) and Sendak (1963/2012) uncover the
imagination……………………..

APA (2020)
Edited Books
 Print:
 Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based
approaches for tuberculosis treatment. Academic
Press.

Electronic:
 Torino, G. C., Rivera, D. P., Capodilupo, C. M., Nadal,
Whole Edited K. L., & Sue, D. W. (Eds.). (2019). Microaggression
Book theory: Influence and implications. John Wiley &
Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119466642

Parenthetical citations: (Kesharwani, 2020)

(Torino et al., 2019)
Narrative citations:
According to Kesharwani (2020) and Torino et al. (2019), research reveals
…………………….
APA (2020)
  Harris, K. R., Graham, S., & Urdan T. (Eds.). (2012). APA
educational psychology handbook (Vols. 1–3).
American Psychological Association.

Several Volumes Parenthetical citation: (Harris et al., 2012)

of a Multi-
Volume Work Narrative citation: Harris et al. (2012) declare that the
………………………………………………….

APA (2020)
  Aron, L., Botella, M., & Lubart, T. (2019). Culinary arts:
Talent and their development. In R. F. Subotnik,
P. Olszewski-Kubilius, & F. C. Worrell (Eds.), The
psychology of high performance: Developing
human potential into domain-specific
talent (pp. 345–359). American Psychological
Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/

Chapter in an 0000120-016
 Dillard, J. P. (2020). Currents in the study of
Edited Book persuasion. In M. B. Oliver, A. A. Raney, & J.
Bryant (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory
and research (4th ed., pp. 115–129). Routledge.

Parenthetical citations: (Aron et al., 2019)

(Aron et al., 2019; Dillard,
2020)
Narrative citations: Aron et al. (2019) and Dillard (2020)
APA (2020)
  Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). The social ecology of
human development: A retrospective
conclusion. In U. Bronfenbrenner (Ed.), Making
human beings human: Bioecological

Chapter in an perspectives on human development (pp. 27–

40). SAGE Publications. (Reprinted from Brain
Edited Book, and intelligence: The ecology of child
Reprinted from development, pp. 113–123, by F. Richardson,
Another Book Ed., 1973, National Educational Press)

Parenthetical citations: (Bronfenbrenner, 1973/2005)

Narrative citations: Bronfenbrenner (1973/2005)

APA (2020)
Diagnostic Manuals
  American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.).
 American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and
statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.).
 American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and
Edition of the statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text
Diagnostic and rev.).

Statistical Manual  American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and

of Mental statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).

https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
Disorders (DSM) Parenthetical citations:
(American Psychiatric Association, 1980)
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
Narrative citations:
American Psychiatric Association (1980) APA (2020)
  American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Anxiety
disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of
mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/
appi.books.9780890425596.dsm05

Parenthetical citation:
An Entry in the
(American Psychiatric Association, 2013)
DSM Narrative citation:
American Psychiatric Association (2013)

APA (2020)
  World Health Organization. (2016). International statistical
classification of diseases and related health
problems (10th ed.). https://icd.who.int/browse10/
2016/en
Edition of the  World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical
International classification of diseases and related health

Statistical problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/

Classification of Parenthetical citations:

Diseases and (World Health Organization, 2016)

Related Health (World Health Organization, 2019)

Problems (ICD) Narrative citations:

According to the World Health Organization (2016), …………
The World Health Organization (2019) defines ……..

APA
  World Health Organization. (2019). 2A85.5 Mantle cell
lymphoma. In International statistical classification
of
diseases and related health problems (11th
ed.). https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-
An Entry in the m/en#/http://id.who.int/icd/entity/1804127841
ICD
Parenthetical citation: (World Health Organization, 2019)

Narrative citation: World Health Organization (2019)

APA (2020)
Journals
  Grady, J. S., Her, M., Moreno, G., Perez, C., & Yelinek, J.
(2019). Emotions in storybooks: A comparison of
storybooks that represent ethnic and racial groups
in the United States. Psychology of Popular Media
Culture, 8(3), 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1037/

Journal Article ppm0000185

Parenthetical citation: (Grady et al., 2019)

Narrative citation: Grady et al. (2019)

APA (2020)
  Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M.,
Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018).
Teaching medicine with the help of “Dr. House.”
Journal Article PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972. https://doi.org/

with an Article 10.1371/journal.pone.0193972

Number
Parenthetical citation: (Jerrentrup et al., 2018)
Narrative citation: Jerrentrup et al. (2018)

APA (2020)
 Missing volume number
 Stegmeir, M. (2016). Climate change: New discipline
practices promote college access. The Journal of
College Admission, (231), 44-47. https://www.
nxtbook.com/ygsreprints/NACAC/nacac_jca_
spring2016/#/46

Journal Article Missing issue number

with Missing  Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do

information older and young adults start searching for

information? Impact of age, domain knowledge
and problem complexity on the different steps of
information searching. Computers in Human
Behavior, 72, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.
02.038
Parenthetical citation: (Stegmeir, 2016, p. 44)
Narrative citation: Sanchiz et al. (2017) APA (2020)
  Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The
case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of
Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 21(1).
http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index
Journal Article
.html
with Missing Page
or Article Number
Parenthetical citations: (Butler, 2017)
Narrative citations: Butler (2017)

APA (2020)
  Freeberg, T. M. (2019). From simple rules of individual
proximity, complex and coordinated collective

Online-Only movement [Supplemental material]. Journal of

Comparative Psychology, 133(2), 141–142. https://
Supplemental doi.org/10.1037/com0000181
Material to a
Journal Article Parenthetical citation: (Freeberg, 2019)
Narrative citation: Freeberg (2019)

APA (2020)
 Ho, H.-K. (2014). Teacher preparation for early
childhood special education in Taiwan
(ED545393). ERIC.
Informally https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED545393.pdf
Published Work  Parenthetical citation: (Ho, 2014)

from ERIC  Narrative citation: Ho (2014)

Database
*ERIC (Education Resource Information Center)
assigns document numbers to works in its database.
Include this number in parentheses after the title of
the work.
Secondary Sources
 A secondary source refers to content first reported in another source.
Cite secondary sources sparingly—for instance, when the original
work is out of print or unavailable.
If possible, as a matter of good scholarly practice, find the primary
source, read it, and cite it directly rather than citing a secondary
source.
In the reference list, provide an entry for the secondary source that
Information for you used.

Documenting In the text, identify the primary source and write “as cited in” the
secondary source that you used.
Secondary If the year of publication of the primary source is known, also include
it in the text citation.
Sources
(Rabbitt, 1982, as cited in Lyon et al., 2014)
If the year of the primary source is unknown, omit it from the in-text
citation.
Allport’s diary (as cited in Nicholson, 2003)
Magazines
  Lyons, D. (2009, June 15). Don't ‘iTune’ us: It’s geeks versus
writers. Guess who’s winning. Newsweek, 153(24),
27.
 Schaefer, N. K., & Shapiro, B. (2019, September 6). New
middle chapter in the story of human evolution.
Science, 365(6457), 981–982. https://doi.org/
10.1126/science.aay3550
Magazine Articles  Schulman, M. (2019, September 9). Superfans: A love
story. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/
magazine/2019/09/16/superfans-a-love-story
Parenthetical citations: (Lyons, 2009)
(Schaefer & Shapiro, 2019)
Narrative citations: Lyons (2009)
Schaefer and Shapiro (2019)

APA (2020)
Newspapers
  Carey, B. (2019, March 22). Can we get better at
forgetting? The New York Times. https://www.
nytimes.com/2019/03/22/health/memory-forgetting-
psychology.html
 Harlan, C. (2013, April 2). North Korea vows to restart
shuttered nuclear reactor that can make bomb-
grade plutonium. The Washington Post, A1, A4.
Newspaper  Stobbe, M. (2020, January 8). Cancer death rate in U.S.
Articles sees largest one-year drop ever. Chicago Tribune.

Parenthetical citations: (Carey, 2019)

(Carey, 2019; Harlan, 2013; Stobbe, 2020)
Narrative citations:
Carey (2019), Harlan (2013), and Stobbe (2020)

APA (2020)
Blogs
  Ouellette, J. (2019, November 15). Physicists capture first
footage of quantum knots unraveling in
superfluid. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/
science/2019/11/study-you-can-tie-a-quantum-

Blog Post knot-in-a-superfluid-but-it-will-soon-untie-itself/

Parenthetical citation: (Ouellette, 2019)

Narrative citation: Ouellette (2019)

APA (2020)
  joachimr. (2019, November 19). We are relying on APA as
our university style format - the university is located
in Germany (Kassel). So I [Comment on the blog
post “The transition to seventh edition APA
Style”]. APA Style. https://apastyle.apa.org/
Blog Post blog/transition-seventh-edition#comment-
Comment 4694866690

Parenthetical citation: (joachimr, 2019)

Narrative citation: joachimr (2019)
Websites
  For a page from an organization’s website without individual
authors, use the name of the organization as the author.
 Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
 Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date
is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather
Information than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
 Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content
Needed to that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed. If a date of
Document last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the
reference.
Websites  Italicize the title of the webpage.
 If the author of the webpage and the site name are the same, omit the
site name from the source element to avoid repetition.
 End the reference with the URL.

APA (2020)
  Bologna, C. (2019, October 31). Why some people with
anxiety love watching horror movies. HuffPost.
https://www.huffpost.com/entry/anxiety-love-
watching-horror-movies_l_
5d277587e4b02a5a5d57b59e
 Woodyatt, A. (2019, September 10). Daytime naps once
or twice a week may be linked to a healthy heart,
Webpage on a researchers say. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2019/
Website
09/10/health/nap-heart-health-wellness-intl-scli/
index.html

 Parenthetical citations: (Bologna, 2019; Woodyatt, 2019)

 Narrative citations: Bologna (2019) and Woodyatt (2019)

APA (2020)
  World Health Organization. (2018, May 24). The top 10

Webpage on a causes of death. https://www.who.int/news-room/

Website with an fact-sheets/detail/the-top-10-causes-of-death

Organizational
Group As Author  Parenthetical citations: (World Health Organization, 2018)
 Narrative citations: World Health Organization (2018)

APA (2020)
  Giovanetti, F. (2019, November 16). Why we are so
obsessed with personality types. Medium.
https://medium.com/the-business-of-wellness/why-
Webpage on a we-are-so-obsessed-with-personality-types-

Website with an 577450f9aee9

Individual Author  Parenthetical citation: (Giovanetti, 2019)

 Narrative citation: Giovanetti (2019)

APA (2020)
  U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population
clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved
January 9, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/
popclock/

Webpage on a

Website with a Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.)
 Narrative citation: U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.)
Retrieval Date
 ***When contents of a page are designed to change over time but
are not archived, include a retrieval date in the reference.*** (This is
not a common occurrence for all websites)

APA (2020)
  Do not create references or in-text citations for whole websites.
 To mention a website in general, and not any particular information
on that site, provide the name of the website in the text and include
Referencing a the URL in parentheses. For example, you might mention that you
Whole Website used a website to create a survey.
Example:
We created our survey using Qualtrics (https://www.qualtrics.com).

APA (2020)
  When there is no author for a web page, the title moves to the first
position of the reference entry.
 Example:
 All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue. (2010, October 13).
Retrieved from
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39625809/ns/world_news-americas/
Articles,  Cite in text the first few words of the reference list entry (usually

Webpages, and the title) and the year. Use double quotation marks around the title
or abbreviated title.: (All 33 Chile Miners, 2010).
Blog Posts with  Use the full title of the web page if it is short for the parenthetical
citation. Articles found on the web, like the example above, are not
No Author italicized in the reference entry and are not italicized but enclosed
in quotations in the in-text citation, just like a newspaper or
magazine article.
APA.org provides a table for referencing work with missing
information:
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/missing-in
formation
Social Media
 APA Education [@APAEducation] (2018, June 29).
College students are forming mental-health clubs—
and they’re making a difference @washingtonpost
[Thumbnail with link attached] [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/apaeducation/status/
1012810490530140161

Parenthetical citation: (APA Education, 2018)

Tweet Narrative citation: APA Education (2018)

 If the tweet includes images (including animated gifs), videos,
thumbnail links to outside sources, links to other tweets (as in a
retweet with a comment), or a poll, indicate that in square brackets.
For tweet replies, do not include the “replying to” information; if that
is important to note, do so within the in-text citation.
 Replicate emojis if possible. If you are not able to create the emoji,
provide the emoji’s name in square brackets. The full list of emoji
names can be found on the Unicode Consortium’s website
(http://Unicode.org/emoji/charts/index.html).
 APA Style [@APA_Style]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter
profile]. Twitter. Retrieved November 1, 2019,
from https://twitter.com/APA_Style

Parenthetical citation: (APA Style, n.d.)

Twitter Profile Narrative citation: APA Style (n.d.)

 Provide a retrieval date because the contents of the page
change over time.
 A Twitter profile has several tabs (“Tweets” is the default.
To reference one of the other tabs (e.g., “Lists” or
“Moments”), substitute that tab name for “Tweets.”
 Include the notation “Twitter profile” in square brackets.
 Gaiman, N. (2018, March 22). 100,000+ Rohingya
refugees could be at serious risk during
Bangladesh’s monsoon season. My fellow UNHCR
Goodwill Ambassador Cate Blanchett is [Image
attached] [Status update]. Facebook.
http://bit.ly/2JQxPAD

Facebook Post Parenthetical citation: (Gaiman, 2018)

Narrative citation: Gaiman (2018)
 This format can be used for posts to other social media
services, including Tumblr, LinkedIn, and so forth.
 If a status update includes images, videos, thumbnail links to
outside sources, or content from another Facebook post (such
as when sharing a link), indicate that in square brackets.
 Replicate emojis or name them in brackets.
 Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation
Biology Institute. (n.d.). Home [Facebook
page]. Facebook. Retrieved July 22, 2019,
from https://www.facebook.com/nationalzoo

Parenthetical citation: (Smithsonian’s National Zoo and

Conservation Biology Institute, 2018)
Narrative citation: Smithsonian’s National Zoo and
Facebook Page Conservation Biology Institute (2018)

 Use the page title in the reference (e.g., “Timeline,”

“Home,” “Photos,” “About”).
 Include the notation “Facebook page” in square brackets.
 This format can be used or adopted for references to
other platform or profile pages, including YouTube,
Instagram, Tumblr, LinkedIn, and so forth.
 Zeitz MOCAA [@zeitzmocaa]. (2018, November 26). Grade 6
learners from Parkfields Primary School in Hanover Park
visited the museum for a tour and workshop hosted by
[Photographs]. Instagram. https://www.Instagram.com/
Instagram Photo p/BqpHpjFBs3b

or Video  Parenthetical citation: (Zeitz MOCAA, 2018)

 Narrative citation: Zeitz MOCAA (2018)
  The New York Public Library [@nypl]. (n.d.). The raven
Instagram [Highlight]. Instagram. Retrieved April 16, 2019, from
https://bitly.com/2FV8bu3
highlight
 Parenthetical citation: (The New York Public Library, n.d.)
 Narrative citation: The New York Public Library (n.d.)
Podcasts
 Vedantam, S. (Host). (2015-present). Hidden brain
[Audio podcast]. NPR. https://www.npr.org/
series/423302056/hidden-brain

Parenthetical citation: (Vedantam, 2015-present)

Referencing a Narrative citation: Vedantam (2015-present)

Podcast  List the host of the podcast as the author. Alternatively,

provide the executive producers, if known. In either
case, include their role in parentheses.
 Specify the podcast type (audio or video) in square
brackets.
 If the URL of the podcast is unknown (e.g., if accessed
via an app), omit the URL.
 Glass, I. (Host). (2011, August 12). Amusement
park. (No. 443) [Audio podcast episode]. In
This American life. WBEZ Chicago.
https://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-
archives/episode/443/amusement-park

Referencing a
Podcast Parenthetical citation: (Glass, 2011)
Narrative citation: Glass (2011)
Episode  List the host of the podcast as the author and include
their role in parentheses.
 Provide the episode number after the title in
parentheses. If the podcast does not number episodes,
omit the number from the reference.
Clinical Practice References
  Most clinical practice guidelines are published as reports or webpages and so follow
the report or webpage reference type, which have the same structure.
 Use the committee or agency that developed the guideline in the author element of
the reference when no individual authors are credited.
 When the title page or cover credits both a committee and an agency, provide the
committee name in the author element of the reference and the agency name in the
source element of the reference. The first example shows this: The committee is the

Information Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, and the agency is the
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
Needed to  When the title page or cover credits only an agency, provide the agency name in the
Document Clinical author element of the reference. The second and third examples show this: The
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the World Health

Practice 
Organization are agencies.
Provide the year in which the guideline was developed in the date element of the
Guidelines 
reference.
If you are citing an updated guideline, use the year of the update in the reference.
 Provide the title of the guideline in italic sentence case.
 Provide the name of the website from which the guideline was obtained in the source
element of the reference.
 If the website name is the same as the author, omit the site name to avoid repetition
(as in the NICE guideline example).
 Provide a URL for the guideline. APA (2020)
  Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee.
(2009). Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI).
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/
infectioncontrol/guidelines/cauti/index.html
 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2019).
Hypertension in adults: Diagnosis and management (NICE
Guideline NG136). https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng136
Clinical Practice  World Health Organization. (2017). Guideline: Protecting, promoting

Guideline with a and supporting breastfeeding in facilities providing maternity

and newborn services. Guideline Central. https://www.
Group Author guidelinecentral.com/share/summary/5acc36cc939f5#section-
society

 Parenthetical citations: (Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee,

2009; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2019; World Health
Organization, 2017)
 Narrative citations: Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (2009),
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2019), and World Health Organization
(2017)
APA (2020)
  Grohskopf, L. A., Sokolow, L. Z., Broder, K. R., Walter, E. B.,
Fry, A. M., & Jernigan, D. B. (2018). Prevention and
control of seasonal influenza with vaccines:
Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on
Clinical Practice Immunization Practices—United States, 2018–19

Guideline with an influenza season (Morbidity and Mortality Weekly

Report, Vol. 67, No. 3). U.S. Department of Health
Individual Author &
at a Government Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and

Agency, Published Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/

As Part of a Series volumes/67/rr/pdfs/rr6703a1-H.pdf

 Parenthetical citation: (Grohskopf et al., 2018)

 Narrative citation: Grohskopf et al. (2018)

APA (2020)
  The format for drug information is the same as for a webpage.
 Provide the name of the drug or pharmaceutical company that
manufactures the drug in the author element of the reference.
 If a date is not available, substitute “(n.d.).”
 Provide the title of the drug information (usually the name of the
Directions for drug) in italic sentence case, followed by the description “[Drug
information]” in square brackets (or other wording as
Documenting appropriate).
Drug Information  Provide the name of the website from which the drug
information was obtained in the source element of the reference.
If the website name is the same as the author, omit the site name
to avoid repetition.
 Provide a URL for the drug information.

APA (2020)
  Sandoz Inc. (n.d.). Prednisolone acetate
(prednisolone acetate) suspension/drops [Drug
information]. Guideline Central. https://www.
guidelinecentral.com/share/drug-information/

Drug Information 61314-637#section-title

 Parenthetical citation: (Sandoz Inc., 2017)

 Narrative citation: Sandoz Inc. (2017)

APA (2020)
Cases or Court Decisions
 A reference for a case or court decision
includes the following information:
 Title or name of the case, usually one party versus
another (e.g., Brown v. Board of Education)
 Citation, usually to a volume and page of one of
the various sets of books where published cases can
be found called reporters (e.g., Federal Reporter,
Second Series), which typically contain decisions
of courts in particular political divisions, called
Cases or Court jurisdictions
 Precise jurisdiction of the court writing the
Decisions decision (e.g., U.S. district court, New York Court
of Appeals), in parentheses
 Date of the decision, in parentheses (in the same
set of parentheses as the jurisdiction if both are
present
 URL from which you retrieved the case
information (optional; this is not strictly required
for legal citations but may aid readers in rerieval
 Decisions from the U.S. Supreme Court are
published in the United States Reports. The
template for these decisions is as follows:
 Reference list: Name v. Name, Volume U.S. Page
(Year). URL
 Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)
 Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)
Federal Court
Decisions Reference list example:

(Supreme Court) Brown v. Board of Education, 347, U.S. 483 (1954).

https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/
347us483
Without a page number:
Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___ (2015).
https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/
4-556_3204.pdf
 Decisions from the U.S. Circuit Court are published in
the Federal Reporter. The template for these decisions
is as follows:
 Reference list: Name v. Name, Volume F. [or F.2d, F.3d] Page
(Court Year). URL
 Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)
Federal Court  Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)

Decisions
Examples:
(U.S. Circuit Court) Reference list:
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 951 F.2d 1128 (9 th
Cir. 1991). https://openjurist.org/951/f2d/1128/william-
daubert-v-merrell-dow-pharmaceuticals
Parenthetical citation: (Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals,
Inc., 1991)
Narrative citation: Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
(1991)
 Decisions from the U.S. District Court are published
in Federal Supplements. The template for these
citations is as follows:
 Reference list: Name v. Name, Volume F. Supp. Page (Court
Year). URL
 Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)

Federal Court  Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)

Decisions Reference list example:

Burriola v. Greater Toledo YMCA, 133 F. Supp. 2d 1034 (N.D.
(U.S. District Court) Ohio 2001). https://law.justia.com/ cases/ federal/district-
courts/FSupp2/133/1034/2293141
Example of case with appeal:
Durflinger v. Artiles, 563 F. Supp. 322 (D. Kan. 1981), aff’d, 727
F.2d 888 (10th Cir. 1984). https://
openjurist.org/727/f2d/888/durflinger-v-artiles
Parenthetical citation: (Durflinger v. Artiles, 1981/1984)
  Reference list: Name v. Name, Volume, Reporter, Page (Court Year).
URL
 Parenthetical citation: (Name v. Name, Year)
 Narrative citation: Name v. Name (Year)
Examples:
State Supreme Reference list:

Court Cases Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 17 Cal.3d 425, 131
Cal. Rptr. 14, 551 P.2d 334 (1976). https://www.casebriefs.com/blog/
law/torts-keyed-to-dobbs/the-duty-to-protect-from-third-persons/Tara
soff-v-regents-of-university-of-California
Parenthetical citation:
(Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 1976)
Narrative citation:
Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976)
Statutes
(Laws and Acts)
  Reference list: Name of Act, Title Source § Section
Number (Year). URL
Statutes  Parenthetical citation: (Name of Act, Year)
(Laws and Acts)  Narrative citation: Name of Act (Year)

Examples on next slide

 For a federal statute, the source will usually be the
United States Code.
Example:
Federal statute, Americans with Disabilities Act of
1990

Statutes Written Reference list:

Americans With Disabilities Act of 1990, 42 U.S.C. §
in United States 12101 et seq. (1990). https://
Code (U.S.C.) www.ada.gov/pubs/adastatute08.htm
Parenthetical citation:
(Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990)
Narrative Citation:
Americans With Disabilities Act (1990)
 For a federal statute, the source is usually the United
States Code, but you may see a public law number on
the act as well.
Include a public law number in the reference list entry
when the act is codified in scattered sections or to refer
to an act before it is codified.
Statutes with a Public Example:

Law Number Federal statute, Civil Rights Act of 1964

Reference List:
Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub. L. No. 88-352, 78 Stat.
241 (1964). https://www.govinfo.gov/
content/pkg/STATUTE-78-Pg241.pdf
Parenthetical citation:
(Civil Rights Act, 1964)
Narrative citation:
Civil Rights Act (1964)
  State statutes are published in state-specific compilations.
 For example, statutes pertaining to the state of Florida are published
in the Florida Statutes.
 State statutes are typically organized into titles.

State Statutes Example:

Reference list:
Written in the Florida Mental Health Act, Fla. Stat. § 394 (1971 & rev. 2009).
http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?
State Code App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0394/0394.html
Parenthetical citation:
(Florida Mental Health Act, 1971/2009)
Narrative citation:
Florida Mental Health Act (1971/2009)
This Florida act can be found in the Florida Statutes, Section 394. It was
first codified in the year 1971 and then revised in 2009.
Constitutions and Charters
  To cite a whole federal or state constitution, a
citation is not necessary. Simply refer to the
constitution in text.

Examples:
Constitutions
The U.S. Constitution has 26 amendments.
The Massachusetts Constitution was ratified in 1780.

Create reference list entries and in-text citations for

citations to articles and amendments of constitutions.
(See next page.)
  In the reference list and parenthetical citations,
abbreviate U.S. Constitution to “U.S. Const.” and
use the legal state abbreviation for a state
constitution (e.g. “Md. Const.” for the Maryland
Constitution).
 In the narrative, use either “U.S.” or “United
Constitutions States” for the U.S. Constitution, and spell out the
name of the state for a state constitution—for
example, “the Wisconsin Constitution.”
 U.S Constitution article and amendment numbers
are Roman numerals.
 State constitution article numbers are also Roman
numerals, but…
 State constitution amendment numbers are Arabic
numerals.
  Reference list:

Article of the U.S. U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3.

 Parenthetical citation:
Constitution (U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3)
 Narrative citation:
Article IV, Section 3, of the U.S. Constitution
  Reference list:
S.C. Const. art. IX, § 3.
Article of a  Parenthetical citation:
State (S.C. Const. art. IX, § 3)
Constitution  Narrative citation:
Article IX, Section 3, of the South Carolina
Constitution
  Reference list:

Amendment to U.S. Const. amend. XIX.

 Parenthetical citation:
the U.S.
(U.S. Const. amend. XIX)
Constitution  Narrative citation:
Amendment XIX to the U.S. Constitution
  Reference list:
U.S. Const. amend. I-X.
 Parenthetical citation:
(U.S. Const. amend. I-X)

U.S. Bill of Rights  Narrative citation:

Amendments I-X to the U.S. Constitution

The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution are

collectively referred to as he Bill of Rights. The
citation is the same as that for an amendment to the
constitution, except that the range of amendments is
included in the citation.
  Reference list:
U.N. Charter art. 1, para. 3.
Charter of the  Parenthetical citation:
United Nations (U.N. Charter art. xx, para. xx.)
 Narrative citation:
Article 1, paragraph 3, of the United Nations Charter
Online Reports and Grey
Literature
  National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support
for people with cancer (NIH Publication No.
18-
2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, National Institutes of Health. https://
Report by a www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-
Government education/takingtime.pdf
Agency
 Parenthetical citation:
(National Cancer Institute, 2019)
 Narrative citation: National Cancer Institute (2019)

APA (2020)
  Baral, P., Larsen, M., & Archer, M. (2019). Does money
grow on trees? Restoration financing in
Southeast Asia. Atlantic Council. https://www.
atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/
report/does-money-grow-on-trees-restoring-
financing-in-southeast-asia/
 Stuster, J., Adolf, J., Byrne, V., & Greene, M.
Report with (2018). Human exploration of Mars: Preliminary

Individual Authors lists of crew tasks (Report No. NASA/CR-2018-

220043). National Aeronautics and Space
Administration. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/
nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20190001401.pdf
 Parenthetical citations:
(Baral et al., 2019; Stuster et al., 2018)
 Narrative citations:
Baral et al. (2019) and Stuster et al. (2018)
APA (2020)
  Cedars-Sinai. (2015). Human papillomavirus (HPV)
and oropharyngeal cancer [Brochure]. https://
www.cedars-sinai.org/content/dam/cedars-
sinai/cancer/sub-clinical-areas/head-neck/
documents/hpv-throat-cancer-brochure.pdf

Brochure  Parenthetical citation: (Cedars-Sinai, 2015)

Published by  Narrative citation: Cedars-Sinai (2015)

Company
Note:
Brochures, pamphlets, or flyers follow the same format as report
references.
This brochure has an organizational author rather than individual
authors.
Include the description “[Brochure]” in square brackets after the
title of the brochure.
APA (2020)
  Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
(n.d.). Asbestos in your environment: What you can
do to limit exposure [Fact sheet]. U.S. Department of
Health & Human Services. https://www.atsdr.cdc.
gov/docs/limitingenvironmentalexposures_factsheet-
508.pdf
 American Association of Colleges of Nursing.
(2017). Nursing shortage fact sheet [Fact sheet].

Fact Sheet http://www.aacnnursing.org/Portals/42/News/

Factsheets/Nursing-Shortage-Factsheet-
2017.pdf

 Parenthetical citations:
(Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, n.d.) (American
Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2017)
 Narrative citations:
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (n.d.) and American
Association of Colleges of Nursing (2017)
APA (2020)
  Department for Business Innovation & Skills.
(2016). Success as a knowledge economy:
Teaching excellent, social mobility and student
choice [White paper].Crown. https://www.gov.
uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/
attachment_data/file/523396/bis-16-265-
success-as-a-knowledge-economy.pdf
White Paper with a
Group Author  Parenthetical citation:
(Department for Business Innovation & Skills, 2016)
 Narrative citation:
Department for Business Innovation & Skills (2016)
Note:
A white paper is a persuasive document that is written by a person or group to convince
readers of their position and philosophy on a topic.
Include the description “[White paper]” in square brackets after the title of the white
paper.
APA (2020)
Conference Presentations
and Proceedings
  Provide the names of the presenters in the author element of the
reference.
 Provide the full dates of the conference in the date element of
Information to the reference.

Include in  Describe the presentation in square brackets after the title. The
description is flexible (e.g., “[Conference session],” “[Paper
Documentation of presentation],” “[Poster session],” “[Keynote address]”).

Conference  Provide the name of the conference or meeting and its location
in the source element of the reference.
Presentations  If video of the conference presentation is available, include a
link at the end of the reference.

APA (2020)
  Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E.,
Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez-Greene, N. (2019,
August 8–11). Gun violence: An event on the
power of community [Conference
presentation]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago,
Conference
IL, United States. https://convention.apa.org/
Presentations 2019-video

 Parenthetical citation: (Evans et al., 2019)

 Narrative citation: A conference presentation led by Evans et al.
(2019) confirmed……..

APA (2020)
Dissertations and Theses
  A dissertation or thesis is considered published when it is available
from a database such as ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global or
PDQT Open, an institutional repository, or an archive.
 If the database assigns publication numbers to dissertations and
theses, include the publication number in parentheses after the title of
the dissertation or thesis without italics.
 Include the description “Doctoral dissertation” or “Master’s thesis”
Information for followed by a comma and the name of the institution that awarded the
degree. Place this information in square brackets after the dissertation
Documenting 
or thesis title and any publication number.
In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the
a Dissertation or database, repository, or archive.

Thesis  The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including
undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed
description as appropriate (e.g., “Undergraduate honors thesis”).
 Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve
for readers (as shown in the Miranda and Zambrano-Vazquez
examples).
 If the database or archive requires users to log in before they can view
the dissertation or thesis, meaning the URL will not work for readers,
end the reference with the database name (as in the Kabir example).
APA (2020)
  Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer
satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The
relationship between customer satisfaction and customer
loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation,
Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
Global.
 Miranda, C. (2019). Exploring the lived experiences of foster
youth who obtained graduate level degrees: Self-
efficacy, resilience, and the impact on identity
Dissertation or development (Publication No. 27542827) [Doctoral

Thesis dissertation, Pepperdine University]. PQDT Open. https://

pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2309521814.html?FMT=AI
 Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry
on response monitoring in those with worry and obsessive-
compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona].
UA Campus Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/
10150/620615

 Parenthetical citations: (Kabir, 2016; Miranda, 2019; Zambrano-Vazquez,

2016)
APA (2020)
 Narrative citations: Kabir (2016), Miranda (2019), and Zambrano-Vazquez
Personal
Communication/Interview
 Any communication that cannot be directly retrieved by a reader is
considered “personal communication.” Emails, phone
conversations, interviews, text messages, and social media messages
are all examples of personal communication. You do not include
personal communication in your reference list; instead,
Information for parenthetically cite the communicator's name, the phrase "personal
communication," and the date of the communication in your main
Documenting an text only.

Interview (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2019).

Audiovisual Media
  Harvard University. (2019, August 28). Soft robotic
gripper for jellyfish [Video]. YouTube. https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=guRoWTYfxMs
You Tube
 Parenthetical citation: (Harvard University, 2019)
 Narrative citation: Harvard University (2019)

APA (2020)
  Cuddy, A. (2012, June). Your body language may
shape who you are [Video]. TED Conferences.
https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_
TED Talk from the body_language_shapes_who_you_are
TED website
 Parenthetical citation: (Cuddy, 2012)
 Narrative citation: Cuddy (2012)

APA (2020)
  TED. (2019, November 13). The danger of AI is weirder
than you think | Janelle Shane [Video].
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
TED Talk from OhCzX0iLnOc
YouTube
 Parenthetical citation: (TED, 2019)
 Narrative citation: TED (2019)

APA (2020)
  Jones, J. (2016, March 23). Guided reading: Making
the most of it [PowerPoint slides]. SlideShare.
https://www.slideshare.net/hellojenjones/
PowerPoint Slides guided-reading-making-the-most-of-it
Available Online
 Parenthetical citation: (Jones, 2016)
 Narrative citation: Jones (2016)

APA (2020)
  Mack, R., & Spake, G. (2018). Citing open source
images and formatting references for
presentations [PowerPoint slides].
PowerPoint Slides Canvas@FNU.

from a Classroom https://fnu.onelogin.com/login

Website
 Parenthetical citation: (Mack & Spake, 2018)
 Narrative citation: Mack and Spake (2018)

APA (2020)
  Mottram, L. (2020, January 8). Hazard reduction
burning is not a panacea to bushfire risk:
Expert [Radio broadcast]. ABC. https://www.
abc.net.au/radio/programs/pm/thinned-forests-
can-be-more-prone-to-fire,-expert-says/
Radio Broadcast
11853280

 Parenthetical citation: (Mottram, 2020)

 Narrative citation: Mottram (2020)

APA (2020)
 GDJ. (2018). Neural network deep learning
prismatic [Clip art]. Openclipart.
https://openclipart.org/detail/309343/
neural-network-deep-learning-prismatic

Parenthetical citation: (GDJ, 2018)

Clip Art or Narrative citation: GDJ (2018)
Stock Image Use this format to cite (but not reproduce) most clip art or
stock image. To reproduce clip art or stock images,
permission and/or a copyright attribution may be necessary
in addition to the reference. No citation, permission, or
copyright attribution is necessary for clip art from programs
like Microsoft Word or PowerPoint.
Grammar Usage
  The pronoun “they” or “their” is now acceptable
to be used as a gender neutral singular pronoun
when referring to an unknown person.

Pronouns Example:
When a student is ready to register for classes, they
must first attain a personal identification number
(PIN) from their advisor.

APA (2020)
 Paper section Recommended tense Example

Literature review (or Past Williams (2020) addressed

whenever discussing other
researchers’ work) Present perfect Researchers have studied

Past Participants took a survey

Method
Description of procedure Others have used similar
Present perfect
approaches
Results showed
Reporting of your own or Scores decreased
Past
other researchers’ results Hypotheses were not
Verb Tense Past
supported
I felt surprised
Personal reactions Present perfect I have experienced
Present I believe

Discussion of implications
The results indicate
of results or of previous Present
The findings mean that
statements

We conclude
Presentation of study
Limitations of the study are
conclusions, limitations, and Present
Future research should
future directions
explore

APA (2020)
  Use specific age ranges rather then open-ended descriptions
when possible.

Age Ranges and 
Instead of the word teenagers, write individuals ages 12-18
Use descriptive phrases rather than adjectives as nouns
Descriptive when discussing people.

Phrases  Instead of Chinese people write the people of China

APA (2020)
  Use first-person pronouns in APA style to describe your work as
well as your personal reactions.
 If you are writing a paper by yourself, use the pronoun “I” to refer
First Person to yourself.
 If you are writing a paper with coauthors, use the pronoun “we” to
Pronouns refer yourself and your coauthors together.

APA (2020)
Mechanics
  Use a serial comma (also called an Oxford comma, Harvard
comma, or series comma) between elements in a series of three
or more items.
 Factors of personality include extraversion, conscientiousness,
openness to experience, agreeableness, and neuroticism.

Commas and  If one or more items in the series already contain a comma, use
Semicolons semicolons between the items instead of commas.
 Subjective well-being is characterized by the presence of positive
affect, such as whether people feel happy and peaceful; the absence
of negative affect, such as whether people feel angry or bored; and a
high level of life satisfaction.

APA (2020)
Numbers
  In general, use words to express numbers zero through nine, and
use numerals to express numbers 10 and above.
 there were five nurses on duty

Numbers  the study had three conditions

Expresses As  students were in the third, sixth, eighth, 10th, and 12th grades

Words

APA (2020)
 Case Example

Numbers that begin a sentence, Fifty percent of the students

title, or heading (when possible, received the intervention, and the
reword the sentence to avoid other 50% were part of a control
beginning with a number) condition.
Twenty people enrolled in the class,
but 15 dropped out.
Numbers
Expresses As Common fractions one fifth of the class
Words two-thirds majority

Certain universally accepted Twelve Apostles

phrases Five Pillars of Islam

APA (2020)
  In general, use numerals to express numbers 10 and above, and
use words to express numbers zero through nine.
 there were 15 psychologists at the clinic

Numbers  the study had 40 participants

Expresses As  students were in the third, sixth, eighth, 10th, and 12th grades

Numerals

APA (2020)
 Case Example

Numbers that immediately 5-mg dose

precede a unit of measurement 3 cm

Statistical or mathematical multiplied by 2

functions
Numbers
Expresses As Fractions or decimals
(except common fractions)
1.5
2.27
Numerals
Percentages 50%
75%–80%

APA (2020)
Abbreviations
  Most abbreviations must be defined (explained) in an APA Style
paper upon first use. However, it is also important to consider
overall level of use of abbreviations in a paper to ensure you are
using neither too many nor too few abbreviations.
Example:

Defining Some Americans who suffer from attention deficit disorder (ADD)
are not diagnosed as children.
Abbreviations

Note:
Never begin a sentence with an abbreviation. Write out the full
words.

APA (2020)
  When the full version of a term first appears in parenthetical text,
place the abbreviation in square brackets after it. Do not use nested
parentheses.
Example:
(i.e., posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD])

Abbreviations
Within Parentheses  If a citation accompanies an abbreviation, include the citation after
the abbreviation, separated with a semicolon. Do not use nested or
back-to-back parentheses.

Example:

Parenthetical format: (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-

5 [CAPS-5]; Weathers et al., 2018)

Narrative format: Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for APA

DSM-(2020)
Capitalization
 Capitalize Do not capitalize

University of Florida a university

Science of Nursing Practice a nursing course

Department of Psychology, Department of English a psychology department, an English department

Prozac, Humalog fluoxetine, insulin lispro

Capitalization President Washington president, vice president, chief executive officer,

executive director, manager

Chart
Dr. Iyengar psychologist, psychiatrist, counselor, social worker

Dr. Kellogg physician, doctor

Nurse Freeman nurse, registered nurse, advanced practice nurse, nurse

practitioner, physician assistant

APA (2020)
 References

American Psychological Association. (2020). APA style. https://apastyle.apa.

org/

Quinn, S., Brown, L., Coleman, C., Edahl, C., & Grulick, C. (Eds.). (2020). Reading &
writing handbook for the college student (2nd ed.). Hawkes Learning/Quant
Systems.