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Chapter 2 - Input, Processing, and Output

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Chapter 2 - Input, Processing, and Output

Uploaded by

Foaud Azar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2:

Input, Processing, and Output

Starting Out with Programming Logic & Design

Second Edition

by Tony Gaddis

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley


Chapter Topics
2.1 Designing a Program
2.2 Output, Input, and Variables
2.3 Variable Assignment and Calculations
2.4 Variable Declarations and Data Types
2.5 Named Constants
2.6 Hand Tracing a Program
2.7 Documenting a Program

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-2


2.1 Designing a Program
1. The first step in programming is designing –
flowcharts and pseudocode help with this
process.
2. Next, the code is written.
3. All code must be cleared of all syntax errors.
4. After the executable is created, it can be
checked for logic errors.
5. If logic errors exist, the program must be
debugged.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-3
2.1 Designing a Program
The purpose of Programming Logic and Design is
to focus on Flowcharts and Pseudocode.
The design is the foundation of a good program.
Figure 2-1 The program development cycle

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-4


2.1 Designing a Program
Two steps in designing a program
1. Understand the tasks that the program is to
perform.
• Learning what the customer wants.
2. Determine the steps that must be taken to
perform the task.
• Create an algorithm, or step-by-step directions to
solve the problem.
• Use flowcharts and/or pseudocode to solve.

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-5


2.1 Designing a Program
Pseudocode
• Fake code used as a model for programs
• No syntax rules
• Well written pseudocode can be easily translated to
actual code
Display “Enter the number of hours”
Input hours
Display “Enter the hourly pay rate”
Input payRate
Set grossPay = hours * payRate
Display “The gross pay is $”, grossPay

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-6


2.1 Designing a Program
Figure 2.2 Flowchart for the
pay calculating program
Flowcharts
• A diagram that graphically
depicts the steps that take
place in a program

Terminator used for start

and stop
Parallelogram used for

input and output


Rectangle used for

processes

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-7


2.2 Output, Input, and Variables
Output – data that is generated and displayed
Input – data that a program receives
Variables – storage locations in memory for data

Computer programs typically follow 3 steps


1. Input is received
2. Some process is performed on the input
3. Output is produced
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-8
2.2 Output, Input, and Variables
Display is the keyword to show output to the
screen
Sequence – lines execute in the order they appear
String Literals – a sequence of characters
Figure 2-4 The statements Figure 2-5 Output of
execute in order Program 2-1

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-9


2.2 Output, Input, and Variables
Input is the keyword to take values from the user
of the program
It is usually stored in variables

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-10


2.2 Output, Input, and Variables
Programmers can define variable names
following certain rules
– Must be one word, no spaces
– Generally, punctuation characters are avoided
– Generally, the first character cannot be a number
– Name a variable something that indicates what
may be stored in it
camelCase is popular naming convention

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-11


2.3 Variable Assignment & Calculations
Variable assignment does not always have to
come from user input, it can also be set
through an assignment statement
Set price = 20

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-12


2.3 Variable Assignment & Calculations
Calculations are performed using math operators
The expression is normally stored in variables
Set sale = price – discount
Table 2-1 Common math operators

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-13


2.4 Variable Declarations & Data Types
A variable declaration includes a variable’s name
and a variable’s data type
Data Type – defines the type of data you intend to
store in a variable
– Integer – stores only whole numbers
– Real – stores whole or decimal numbers
– String – any series of characters
• Declare Real grossPay

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-14


2.4 Variable Declarations & Data Types
For safety and to avoid logic errors, variables
should be initialized to 0 or some other value

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-15


2.5 Named Constants
A named constant is a name that represents a
value that cannot be changed
– Makes programs more self explanatory
– If a change to the value occurs, it only has to be
modified in one place
Constant Real INTEREST_RATE = 0.069

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-16


2.6 Hand Tracing a Program
Hand tracing is a simple debugging process for
locating hard to find errors in a program
Involves creating a chart with a column for each
variable, and a row for each line of code
Figure 2-14 Program with the hand trace chart completed

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-17


2.7 Documenting a Program
External documentation describes aspects of the
program for the user, sometimes written by a
technical writer
Internal documentation explains how parts of the
program works for the programmer, also
known as comments
// comments are often distinguished within
// the program with line comments

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley 1-18

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