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Part I

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13 views

Part I

Uploaded by

BAGANNAGARI SAI TEJA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT-I

IONIC EQUILIBRIA
CONTENTS of unit I:
Part-1
Electrolytes Part-3
Theories of acids and bases Buffers and buffered isotonic systems
Buffer equation
Buffer capacity
Buffers in pharmaceuticals and biologics
Part-2 Methods for adjusting tonicity and pH
Sorensen’s pH scale
Calculations of pH
Acidity constants
IONIC EQUILIBRIUM:
The equilibrium established between the unionized molecules and the ions in
the solution of weak electrolytes is called ionic equilibrium.

https://study.com/academy/lesson/ionic-equilibrium-definition-calculations.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZIhHxydav4
ELECTROLYTES:
Substances like acid, base and salts which can conduct electricity in their
aqueous solution due to ionization are known as electrolytes. (strong electrolytes
and weak electrolytes)
• The presence of ions in solution is responsible for the conduction and when the
current passes through the wires, it shows the movement of free electrons through
wire. This process of dissociation and flow of ions in aqueous solution of
electrolyte is known as Electrolysis.
Example: the electrolysis of sodium chloride in its aqueous solution gives sodium
and chloride ion in solution.
Theories of acids and bases:

All chemical substances are classified as acids, bases and neutral.

Three theories of acids and bases are:


1. Arrhenius theory
2. Bronsted Lowry theory
3. Lewis electronic theory
1. Arrhenius theory:
According to Arrhenius theory
An acid is a substance which has hydrogen atom and can be given in the form of
hydrogen ion in aqueous solution. Such substances are called as Arrhenius acids.
E.g.: Acetic acid

A base is a substance that dissociates in aqueous solution into hydroxide ions as the only
negative ion.
E.g.: Sodium Hydroxide
• Limitations Of Arrhenius Concept :

I. This concept could not explain acidic and basic character of certain
substances such as NH3, Na2CO3, CaO (Basic) and CO2, SO2, SO3
(Acidic) which do not contain H+ or OH- ions.

II. It could not explain the reaction between an acid and base in
absence of water.
2. Bronsted Lowry Theory:
According to this theory:
An acid may be defined as a substance charged or uncharged, that is capable
donating a proton (H+). So these are considered as proton donors.
E.g.: H2SO4, HCl

A Base is defined as a substance charged or uncharged, that is capable


accepting a proton (H+) from an acid. So these are considered as proton acceptors.
E.g.; NH3

• Some substances can function as acids and bases. These are known as ampholytes.
E.g.: H2O
Advantages of Bronsted - Lowry concept:
I. It is not limited to molecules but includes even the ionic species to act as acids
or bases.
II. It does not require aqueous medium to explain acidic or basic nature.
III. It can explain the basic nature of ions or molecules having no OH- ion. E.g.
NH3, Na2CO3 etc.

Limitations of Bronsted - Lowry concept:


IV. It could not explain the acidic and basic nature of compounds having no
tendency to lose or gain H+ ions. E.g. CO2, SO2, SO3 etc.
V. It could not explain the basic nature of compounds having OH- ions. E.g. NaOH,
Ca(OH)2, KOH etc.
3. Lewis theory:
According to this theory:
An acid is a molecule or an ion that accepts an electron pair to form a covalent
bond.
e.g.: BF3, AlCl3
All cations are lewis acids because these can accept an electron pair.
A base is a substance that provides a pair of unshared electrons by which the
base coordinates with the acid.
e.g.:NH3

Applications:
1. Applied for describing the mechanisms of many organic and inorganic reactions.
2. Complexation and solubility are explained by these concept.

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