MEASURES OF RELATIONSHIP

• Teacher’s concern goes

beyond the typical
performance of the
students.

• Also interested in the

extent to which the scores
in a distribution vary or
disperse from one
another.
• As well as the extent to
which the scores are
related to each other.

• The extent of relationship

or association between
two sets of scores or
variables is known as
correlation.
• Extent of association,
relationship or correlation
between two sets of
scores or variables

• Is expressed as a
coefficient known as
Correlation Coefficient.
• It is symbolized by p or r
and its value ranges
between -1 and +1.

• A negative index of
correlation coefficient
shows a perfectly
negative relationship
between the variables.
• It implies that, as one
variable increases, the
other decreases.
• While a positive value
of correlation
coefficient shows a
perfectly positive
relationship.

• i.e. as one variable

increases, the other
also increases.
• A zero value of
correlation
coefficient means
that no relationship
exist among the
variables.
Correlation Coefficient Interpretation
0.00–0.10
Negligible correlation
0.10–0.39
Weak correlation
0.40–0.69
Moderate correlation
0.70–0.89
Strong correlation
0.90–1.00 Very strong correlation
 Types of Correlation Coefficient
Nature of Data from Type of correlation Symbol
Two Variables
Nominal-Nominal Phi corr. Coeff. ɸ
Nominal- Ordinal Rank Biserial Corr. ρʳᵇ
Coeff.
Nominal- Interval Point Biserial Corr. ρᵖᵇ
Coeff.
Ordinal-Ordinal/Ratio/ Spearman’s Rank ρˢ
Interval Order Corr. Coeff.
Interval- Pearson’s Product ρᵖ
Interval/Ordinal/Ratio Moment Corr Coeff.
• Frequently used correlation
coefficients in education are:

Pearson’s Product
Moment Correlation
Coefficient, and

Spearman’s Ranks Order

Correlation Coefficient.
Pearson’s Product Moment
Correlation Coefficient (PPMC)
• PPMC is used where
variables concerned are both
measured at the interval
scale or ratio scale of
measurement

• i.e. if both sets of scores are

continuous.
PPMC is computed by
applying the formula:

Where
r = Pearson’s Product
Moment Correlation
coefficient
X = scores of the first test (or
variable)
Y = scores of the second test or
variable
x = X - i.e. difference or deviation
between the score & the
mean of the first test or
variable
y = Y - i.e. difference or deviation
between the score & the
mean of the second test or
variable
Consider the two sets of scores obtained by ten students in Mathematics (X) & Physics (Y) tests .

X Y (X-) (Y-) (X-) (Y-) x² y²

x y xy
38 52 -7.3 2.7 -19.71 53.3 7.3
32 46 -13.3 -3.3 43.89 176.9 10.9
51 47 5.7 -2.3 -13.11 32.5 5.3
54 65 8.7 15.7 136.59 75.7 246.5
45 33 -0.3 -16.3 4.89 0.09 265.7
39 53 -6.3 3.7 -23.31 39.7 13.7
64 67 18.7 17.7 330.99 349.7 313.3
28 40 -17.3 -9.3 160.89 299.3 86.5
58 50 12.7 0.7 8.89 161.3 0.49
44 39 -1.3 -10.3 13.39 1.7 106.1
633.4 1190.19 1055.79
The means of the two
sets are X = 45.3 and Y =
49.3 (Confirm)

From the table

Ʃxy = 633.4
Ʃx² = 1190.19
Ʃy² = 1055.79
Applying the formula:
X Y (X-) (Y-) (X-) (Y-) x² y²
x y xy
38 52 -7.3 2.7 -19.71 53.3 7.3
= 32 46 -13.3 -3.3 43.89 176.9 10.9
51 47 5.7 -2.3 -13.11 32.5 5.3
54 65 8.7 15.7 136.59 75.7 246.5
= 45 33 -0.3 -16.3 4.89 0.09 265.7
39 53 -6.3 3.7 -23.31 39.7 13.7
64 67 18.7 17.7 330.99 349.7 313.3
= 28 40 -17.3 -9.3 160.89 299.3 86.5
58 50 12.7 0.7 8.89 161.3 0.49
44 39 -1.3 -10.3 13.39 1.7 106.1
= 0.565 633.4 1190.19 1055.79
Spearman’s Rank Order
Correlation Coefficient
Spearman’s Rank Order
correlation coefficient it is
usually symbolized by ρ
(rho).

Used where ordering or

ranking is emphasized in
the scale of measurement.
It can be computed by
using the formula:

ρ = 1-
Where,
d2 = Difference in
rank squared;
N = Total number of
events in each group;
Ʃ = Summation
(addition) sign.
The scores obtained by 12 students in Mathematics and Economics tests are given in
the table 2. Compute Spearman’s Rank Order correlation

Maths (x) Economics Rx Ry Difference in d²

(y) ranks (d) Rx-Ry
13 9 4 7 -3 9
9 10 8 6 2 4
10 5 7 10 -3 9
12 14 5 2 3 9
11 12 6 4.5 1.5 2.25
8 8 9.5 8 1.5 2.25
18 16 1 1 0 0
6 4 11 11 0 0
4 2 12 12 0 0
8 6 9.5 9 0.5 0.25
15 12 3 4.5 -1.5 2.25
17 13 2 3 -1 1
Ʃ=0 Ʃ = 39
Applying the formula
Maths Econo Rx Ry Difference d²
d² = 39 (x) mics
(y)
in ranks (d)
Rx-Ry
13 9 4 7 -3 9
N = 12
9 10 8 6 2 4
ρ = 1- 10 5 7 10 -3 9

P=1- 12 14 5 2 3 9

11 12 6 4.5 1.5 2.2

= 1- 5
8 8 9.5 8 1.5 2.2
= 1- 18 16 1 1 0
5
0

= 1- = 1 - 0.136 6 4 11 11 0 0

4 2 12 12 0 0
 ρ = 0.864 8 6 9.5 9 0.5 0.2
5
15 12 3 4.5 -1.5 2.2
5
17 13 2 3 -1 1

Ʃ= 0 39
ASSIGNMENT
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mathematics 23 30 40 25 24 44 26 41 24 34
English
Language 35 18 18 18 46 18 21 35 28 32

Table 3 shows the scores by 10 students in

Maths and English Language.

Use the information in table 3 to compute

the correlation Coefficients adopting:
a. Pearson Product Moment Correlation
b. Spearman’s Rank Order correlation