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Phi 104 6 Aristotle1

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12 views14 pages

Phi 104 6 Aristotle1

Uploaded by

ertwwert05
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Aristotle

• The safest general characterization of the


European philosophical tradition is that it
consists of a series of footnotes to Plato. (A. N.
Whitehead)
• Science, up to the Renaissance, consisted in a
series of footnotes to Aristotle. (A. Koestler)
Eleven Virtues
• Courage
• Temperance
• Liberality
• Magnificence
• Magnanimity
• Pride
• Patience
• Truthfulness
• Wittiness
• Friendliness
• Modesty
• Plato: Idealist (The world is kind of reflection)
• Aristotle: Realist (We live in a real physical
world)

• Aristotle’s studies shaped not just philosophy


but science from Late Antiquity to early
Modern Era.
• He wrote about logic, metaphysics, philosophy
of science, ethics, political theory, empirical
biology, physics.
• Aristotelian Science Divide Into Three:
• 1) Theoretical Sciences
• 2) Practical Sciences
• 3) Productive Sciences
Theoretical Sciences
• Theoretical science seeks knowledge for own
sakes.
• Metaphysics, mathematics, physics.
• He discussed this following topics in his
Physics:
• Motion, Time, Place, Thought about Infinite
universe, etc…
Practical Sciences
• Practical sciences concerns conduct and
goodness in action, both individual and
societal.
• Politics, ethics is under this branch.
Productive Sciences
• Productive science aims at the creation of
beautiful or useful objects.
• Ship-building, agriculture, medicine and
music, theatre and dance, etc…
Theoretical Sciences: Practical Sciences: Organon (Tool/Logic):
Physics Nicomachean Ethics Categories
Generation and Corruption Eudemian Ethics On Interpretation
Great Ethics Prior Analytics
On the Heavens
Politics Posterior Analytics
Metaphysics Sophistical Refutations
On the Soul
Brief Natural Treatises Productive Sciences:
History of Animals Rhetoric
Parts of Animals Poetics
Movement of Animals
Meteorology
Logic
• Aristotle was the first philosopher to use logic
systematically.
• Generally, deduction, according to Aristotle, a is
a valid or acceptable argument.
• Deductive logic is an excellent form of
reasoning, because its consequences don’t
need proof.
• If your premises are correct, your result has to
be correct.
• A famous example:
1- All men are mortal. Premises
2- Socrates is a man.

3-Socrates is mortal. Conclusion


Science
• Aristotle use inductive-deductive method for
scientific inquiry.
• He used inductions from observation to infer
general principles and deduction from those
principles to check against further
observations.
• Aristotle demonstrate his scientific method in
Posterior Analytics
Induction Deduction
General truths can be known by Philosophers’ main aim to
induction. Induction doesn’t give demonstrate general truths and
scientific information directly. discover their causes. It is not about
Induction is necessary for provide phenomena it is about its causes.
the primary premises. General Truths

Deductive Inductive

Specific Cases

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