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Types for Power Plants:- TURBINES
1)Hydro electric power schemes(Hydel Schemes)

2)Thermal Plants
3)Geothermal Plants.
4)Wind Powered Plants (Renewable energy)
5)Concentrated Solar Power plants*( CSP).
6)In CA USA ….. 1700Mw
7)Nuclear Plants
8)Tidal Plants
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 Layout of a Hydro-scheme:
Projects designed to produce power from water are known as
“Hydro-Electric Projects”
At times Projects of this nature meant for flood control or Irrigation.
and as such are known as Multi-purpose
projects. Others; Thermal plants,Geotthermal plants, wind, solar
Nuclear plant , Tidal plants etc.…..
Selection of site:
-Large quantities of water should be available for
the site to be suitable. In this, rainfall patterns of the
area should be understood(Minimum and Maximum).
-Initial cost of the “Hydel Plants” very high, but operation
costs are too low.
-Advantageous when water is available in large quantity
at a suitable head and near the load centre.
Layout of a Hydro-scheme
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Layout of a Low head Hydro- plant
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Hydel –Scheme Installation
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 POWER PLANTS IN KENYA;-Seven forks;- Most of these are
along the Tana river:-
 Kindaruma
 Gitaru
 Kamburu
 Masinga
 Kiambere
 Mutonga*
 Others
 Sondu Miriu
 Sang’oro
 Turkwel
 Kipevu – Thermal Plant
 Ol Karia – Geothermal
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 POWER PLANTS
Other power stations
THREE gorges Power stations:- Three Gorges Dam in China is the
world's largest hydroelectric facility. Three Gorges Dam is a
hydroelectric gravity dam that spans the Yangtze River by the town of
Sandouping,
The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest power station in terms of
installed capacity (22,500 MW). In 2014, the dam generated 98.8
terawatt-hours (TWh) and had the world’s record, but was surpassed
by the Itaipú Dam, which set the new world record in 2016, producing
103.1 TWh.
Inga dam project is proposed for River Congo – 80,000 TWh
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In 2012, the Three Gorges Dam in China took over the number one spot as
the largest hydroelectric generating plant in the world. (in Electricity
production),
The Itaipú hydroelectric power plant in Brazil and Paraguay. am. But, over
a year and long period, both dams can generate about the same amount of
electricity because seasonal variations in water availability on the Yangtze
River in China limit power generation at Three Gorges for a number of
months during the year.
The height of Three Gorges is about 594 feet (181 meters (m)) and the length
is about 7,770 feet (2, 335 m). The dam creates the Three Gorges Reservoir,
which has a surface area of about 400 square miles (1,045 square kilometers)
and extends upstream from the dam about 370 miles (600 kilometers).
In the United States, the Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River,
Washington, is the largest, with a generating capacity of about 6,800 MW
(5th overall worldwide).
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THREE GORGES DAM- on Yangtze River in China
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 Advantages of a Hydel- plant
 1. Operating cost is very low
 2.Less number of workers and Engineers required to run the plant
 3.Plant is neat and clean. No nuisance of smoke and soot
 4. maintenance is cheap
 5.Plant can be started rapidly and load can be increased or
decreased rapidly.
 6. Can meet the requirements of changing loads without loss of
efficiency.
 7. Efficiency of plant does not change with time.
 8.No fuel is required
 9. No expense in material handling and ,storage and waste disposal
 10.there are no standby losses
 11. Land is cheaply available since they are located away from
developed areas.
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 Selection of a Hydel- plant siteTURBINES
 1. availability of water considered – detailed survey with rainfall records.
 2. storage of water – sufficient space and other conditions for water storage
essential.
 3. Head of water – Head of water available can be estimated with geometrical
conditions.
 4. Load center – Plant should be situated where the power is to be used.
 5. Access to site – should situated in places where there is access by road or
railway
 Essential components of Hydel - power plants
 1. Storage reservoir(Forebay)
 2. dam
 3. Waterways( Sluice and the Tunnel) and penstock
 4.Surge tank – to accommodate pressure surges
 5. power house – turbine house
 6. Tail race – where water from turbine is disposed.
 In summary we have: Head race and Tail race and head race and Tail race
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 Turbines:-
 They convert kinetic energies of water and potential energies of water into
mechanical power.
 K.E of the water depends on mass and head of water.
 P.E depends on quantity of water and head available.
 Energy available at neutral sources is classified as
- (i) Large quantity of water available at high heads
- (ii) Small quantity of water available at high heads
- (iii) Large quantity of water available at low heads
- (iv) Small quantity of water available at low heads
- Turbine Clasification:
- Classified according to: -
- (i) Action of water on moving blades
o Impulse turbines – whole of presure energy in this turbine is converted into
K.E
o Reaction Turbines – Operate on difference of pressure at the inlet and outlet
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- Turbine Clasification:
- Classified according to: -
(i) Action of water on moving blades;

o Impulse turbines – whole of pressure energy in this turbine is converted
into K.E
o Reaction Turbines – Operates on difference of pressure at the inlet and
outlet of turbine.
(ii) Name of the originator; e.g.
o Pelton wheel Turbine
o Francis Turbine
o Kaplan Turbine
o Thomson Turbine
(iii) Head and Quantity of water available;
 High head above 200m and small quantity of water requires impulse turbine e.g Pelton
wheel
 Medium head between 30m to 200m with medium water requires medium reaction
turbine. e.g Francis turbine.
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Classified according to: -
(iv). Disposition of shaft: -
Turbines may be either horizontal or vertical shafts.
Generally, Pelton wheel have horizontal and Kaplan and Francis have vertical
shafts.
(v) Direction of flow of water in the runner:-
Radial flow turbines - flow in radial direction either inwards or outwards
Tangential flow turbines – Water strikes runner in the direction of tangent.e.g
Pelton wheel.
Axial flow turbine – water enters runner and leaves in direction parallel to the
shaft.
Mixed flow – water enters radially and leaves the runner axially.
(vi) Specific speed:- This is defined as; Speed of geometrically similar turbines
to develop one Horse power (1 H.P) under a head of 1m. e,g
Pelton wheel 10 -35 single jet and upto 50 double jet;
Francis Turbine has 50 – 300 ;
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Installation of Turbines
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(ii) Name of the originator; e.g.
oPelton wheel Turbine
oFrancis Turbine
oKaplan Turbine
oAssignment:
oWith the aid of sketches, describe the above turbines

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Types for Power Plants:- TURBINES

1)Hydro electric power schemes(Hydel Schemes)

Layout of a Low head Hydro- plant

(i) Action of water on moving blades;

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