Group 5

STATISTICS FOR
PHYSICAL SCIENCE
AND ENGINEERING
{STA121}
THE MEMBERS:
EJEKWU SUOBULACHI HAROLD 2201110007

IHEBUZOR GLORY
2201110118
IHEBUZOR MERCY 2201110119
IGBOKWE EBUBE FRANK 2201120022
OKOH NATHANIEL 2201110122
AWAKAN-ADEGBOLA TEMINI 2201110133
OLUWA MICHAEL
ESEZOBOR OSEMEN JOY 2201110139
NWANI ARNOLD
2201110012
TOPIC:
ESTIMATION AND TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

CONCERNING THE PARAMETERS OF
DISTRIBUTION
I. ESTIMATION
Definition:
Estimation is a branch of statistics that determines the values
of parameters through measured and observed empirical
data. It is a process by which the numerical value of unknown
values are inferred from incomplete data, such as a sample.
The process of estimation is carried out in order to measure
and diagnose the true value of a function or a particular set of
populations. It is done on the basis of observations on the
samples, which are a combined piece of the target population
or function. Several statistics are used to perform the task of
estimation.
For instance, Suppose the distance from your home to your
school is ten miles, and it takes you around an hour to reach
your school if you're cycling. Now, let's say that the distance
between your home and New Delhi, India, is 16,000 miles.
How much time would it take for you to cycle there? You
estimate a time of 1,600 hours (16,000 / 10).
There are two very important terms that are used in
estimation: the estimator and the estimate. To
understand the concept of the estimator and estimate in
detail, we will use an example. Let’s say that a1, a2, a3
and so on is a collection of samples from some group of a
certain population with ‘x’ as its parameter. Here, if T= T
(a) is a statistic, then E (T(a)) = x. From these equations
we can realize that an estimation of the statistic has been
carried out, where the statistic T is an estimator and the
parameter ‘x’ is the estimate.
a. ESTIMATORS
Estimators are a concept in statistics that helps statisticians and researchers

estimate the mean of a random sample. When the mean of a sample has
statistical significance, the statistician can reasonably assume that it's an
accurate reflection of a population's mean. This concept applies in scientific
research, where the scientist tests a random sample of a larger population and
generalizes their results to the total population.
For instance, For example, a pharmacologist testing a new migraine

medication selects a random sample of 100 participants to try the medication.
The participants self-report how frequently they experience migraine
symptoms over the course of a month. Then, the researcher calculates the
mean number of days that the sample reports having migraine symptoms.
They find the sample experienced a mean of 10 days of symptoms. This number
represents the sample mean, also known as an estimator, and allows the
researcher to estimate that a more general population is likely to experience 10
days of migraine symptoms per month while taking the medication.
Estimators are essential in scientific research, where
researchers want to understand how well a calculated
average collected from a sample represents the actual
population. Learning about the different types of estimators
can help better understand how they work in research and
statistics….
WHICH LEADS US TO…

TYPES OF ESTIMATORS
The two types of estimators include:

 Point Estimator
 Interval Estimator
 Point Estimator: A point estimator allows the researcher or statistician to

calculate a single value estimate of a parameter. In statistics, a parameter is a
characteristic of a population which the researcher or statistician wants to
assess. Examples of parameters include the population mean, the population
variance and the population proportion. They use point estimators when
finding a single value estimate of a parameter. For example, finding the mean
of a sample is a single value that represents a population mean.
PROPERTIES OF POINT ESTIMATORS
#1 – Bias
Biasness is the gap between the value expected from the estimator and the
value of estimation considered regarding the parameter. When the estimated
value shows zero bias, the situation is considered unbiased. The closer the
expected value of estimation to the measured parameter value, the lower the
biasness level.
#2 – Consistency
It states that the estimator stays close to the parameter’s value as the
population’s size increases. Thus, a large sample size is required to maintain its
consistency level. When the expected value moves towards the parameter’s
value, we state that the estimation is consistent.
#3 – Mean Square Error and Relative Efficiency

Lastly, mean square error and relative efficiency can be treated as properties.
The mean square error is derived as the sum of the variance and the square of its
bias. The estimator with the lowest MSE is considered to be the best.
 Interval Estimator: Interval estimation, in statistics is the evaluation of a
parameter—for example, the mean (average)—of a population by computing
an interval, or range of values, within which the parameter is most likely to be
located. Intervals are commonly chosen such that the parameter falls within
with a 95 or 99 percent probability, called the confidence coefficient. Hence,
the intervals are called confidence intervals; the end points of such an interval
are called upper and lower confidence limits.
The probability tells what percentage of the time the assignment of the interval
will be correct but not what the chances are that it is true for any given sample. Of
the intervals computed from many samples, a certain percentage will contain the
true value of the parameter being sought.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN POINT AND INTERVAL
ESTIMATOR
Point Estimator Interval Estimator

i) A point estimate is a single An interval estimate gives you
value estimate of a parameter a range of values where the
. For instance, a sample mean parameter is expected to lie. A
is a point estimate of a confidence interval is the
population mean most common type of interval
estimate.
ii) Point estimates focus on Interval estimates assess a

testing single values, such as range of values.
the mean of a characteristic
represented within a sample.
iii) Researchers use point Researchers use interval
estimators to find sample estimators to assess the
means. This is a single value accuracy or credibility of
that they use to generalize to different values in a range.
the total population.
II. TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Definition
A hypothesis is an educated guess about something in the world around you.

It should be testable, either by experiment or observation. Hypothesis testing
or test of hypothesis is an integral part of statistical inference. It is used to
decide whether the given sample data from the population parameter satisfies
the given hypothetical condition. So, it will predict and decide using several
factors whether the predictions satisfy the conditions or not. In simpler terms,
trying to prove whether the facts or statements are true or not.
Hypothesis tests are prone to two errors—type 1 and type 2. If the null
hypothesis is rejected by the sample outcome despite being true—it is
considered a type 1 error. Similarly, if the sample data fails to reject the null
hypothesis, despite the null hypothesis being false, it is considered a type 2
error.
TYPES OF TEST HYPOTHESIS
1. Null Hypothesis:
The null hypothesis simply states that there is no relation between statistical
variables. If the facts presented at the start do not match with the outcomes, then
we can say, the testing is null hypothesis testing. The null hypothesis is represented
as H0 and it is pronounced H-naught. For example, children who study from the
beginning of the class have no fewer chances to fail.
2. Alternative Hypothesis:
The alternative hypothesis explains and defines the relationship between two
variables. It simply indicates a positive relationship between two variables which
means they do have a statistical bond. It indicates that the sample observed is
going to influence or affect the outcome. An alternative hypothesis is described
using Ha or H1. Ha indicates an alternative hypothesis and H1 explains the
possibility of influenced outcome which is 1. For example, children who study from
the beginning of the class have fewer chances to fail. An alternate hypothesis will
be accepted once the statistical predictions become significant.
3. Directional Hypothesis:
In the Directional hypothesis, there is a direct relationship between two variables.
Here any of the variables influence the other.
4. Non-directional Hypothesis :
The non-directional hypothesis is a tow-tailed hypothesis that indicates the true
value does not equal the predicted value. In simpler terms, there is no direction
between the 2 variables. For an example of a non-directional hypothesis, girls and
boys have different methodologies to solve a problem. Here the example explains
that the thinking methodologies of a girl and a boy is different, they don’t think
alike.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS FORMULA

Z=
Here, x̅ is the sample mean,
μ0 is the population mean,
σ is the standard deviation,
n is the sample size.
EXAMPLE:
A battery manufacturing company claims that the average life of its two-
wheeler batteries is 2.1 years. The quality inspector surveyed ten customers
to know the lasting period of their batteries. The following data was
collected:
Customer No. Battery Life (in years)
1 1.9
2 2.3
3 2.1
4 2.2
5 1.9
6 2.4
7 2.1
8 2.3
9 2.2
10 2.0
If the standard deviation is 0.17 and the significance level is
0.05, conduct a hypothesis testing to prove the company’s
claim.
Solution:
Given:
μ0= 2.1 years
σ = 0.17
n = 10
Level of Significance = 0.05
Assuming that the company’s claim of average battery life being 2.1 years is true,
We need to prove that:

H0: μ=μ0 , or
Ha: μ≠μ0
Sample mean (x̅ ) = (1.9 + 2.3 + 2.1 + 2.2 + 1.9 + 2.4 + 2.1 + 2.3 + 2.2 + 2.0) / 10 =
2.14 years.
Applying the Z-test formula:
Z = ( x̅ – μ0 ) / (σ /√n)
Z = (2.14 – 2.1) / (0.17 / √10) = 0.744
We already know that the level of significance is 0.05, and the z-score is 1.645. Let
us now compare the Z-test with it.
0.744 ˂ 1.645; therefore, the null hypothesis is true.
Thus, the company’s claim that the average life of its batteries is 2.1 years is
proven true.
THANK YOU

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STATISTICS FOR

EJEKWU SUOBULACHI HAROLD 2201110007

ESTIMATION AND TEST OF HYPOTHESIS

Estimators are a concept in statistics that helps statisticians and researchers

For instance, For example, a pharmacologist testing a new migraine

WHICH LEADS US TO…

The two types of estimators include:

 Point Estimator: A point estimator allows the researcher or statistician to

#3 – Mean Square Error and Relative Efficiency

Point Estimator Interval Estimator

ii) Point estimates focus on Interval estimates assess a

A hypothesis is an educated guess about something in the world around you.

TEST OF HYPOTHESIS FORMULA

We need to prove that:

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