Hybridization

HYBRIDIZATION
• The mating or crossing of two plants or lines of dissimilar genotype is known as

hybridization.
• The chief objective of hybridization is to create genetic variation, when two
genotypically different plants are brought together in F1.
• Segregation and recombination produce many new gene combinations in F2 and the
later generations, i.e., the segregating generations.
• The degree of variation produced in the segregating generations would, therefore,
depend on the number of heterozygous genes in the F1 which in turn depend upon the
number of genes for which the two parents differ.
• The first natural hybridization was recorded by Cotton Mather (1716) in corn. The first
artificial interspecific plant hybrid was produced by Thomas Fairchild in 1717. It is
commonly known as ‘Fairchild Mule’.
• Hybridization was first of all practically utilized in crop improvement by German
botanist Joseph Koerauter in 1760. Mendel onward, the hybridization had become the
key method of crop improvement. Today, it is the most common method of crop
improvement, and the vast majority of crop varieties have resulted from hybridization.
Objectives of Hybridization:
• To artificially create a variable population for the

selection of types with desired combination of
characters.
• To combine the desired characters into a single
individual, and
• To exploit and utilize the hybrid varieties.
Types of Hybridization:
(i) Intra-varietal hybridization:
• The crosses are made between the plants of the same variety.
(ii) Inter-varietal or Intraspecific hybridization:
• The crosses are made between the plants belonging to two different varieties.
(iv) Interspecific hybridization or intragenric hybridization:
• The crosses are made between two different species of the same genus.
The crosses between different species of the same genus or different

genera of the same family are also known as distant hybridization or
wide crossing. Such crosses are called distant crosses.
Procedure of Hybridization:
It involves the following steps:
(i) Selection of parents

(ii) Selfing of parents or artificial self-pollination
(iii) Emasculation
(iv) Bagging
(v) Tagging
(vi) Crossing
(vii) Harvesting and storing the F1 seeds
(viii) Raising the F1 generation.
(i) Selection of parents:
• The selection of parents depends upon the aims and
objectives of breeding.
• Parental plants must be selected from the local areas
and are supposed to be the best suited to the existing
conditions.
(ii) Selfing of parents or artificial self
pollination:
• It is essential for inducing homozygosity for
eliminating the undesirable characters and
obtaining inbreeds.
(iii) Emasculation:
• It is the third step in hybridization. Inbreeds are grown
under normal conditions and are emasculated.
Emasculation is the removal of stamens from female
parent before they burst and shed their pollens.
• It can be defined as the removal of stamens or
anthers or the killing of the pollen grains of a flower
without affecting in any way the female reproductive
organs. Emasculation is not required in unisexual
plants but it is essential in bisexual or self-pollinated
plants.
Hand Emasculation or Forceps or Scissor
Method:
• This method is generally used in those plants which have
large flowers. In this method the corolla of the selected
flowers is opened and the anthers carefully removed with
the help of fine-tip forceps.
• Flowers should be selected at proper stage.
• Stigma should be receptive and anthers should not have
dehisced.
• All the anthers should be removed from the flowers without
breaking Stigma and ovary of the flower should not be
damaged.
Hot Water Treatment:
• Removal of stamens with the help of forceps is very difficult in minute flowers.
In such small hermaphrodite flowers (e.g., Bajra, Jowar) emasculation is done
by dipping the flowers in hot water for a certain duration (1-10 minutes) of
time.
• The time varies from species to species. This method is based on the fact that
gynoecia can withstand the hot temperature at which the anthers are killed. In
this method an equipment is used which is placed on a simple heavy stand.
• It consists of a cylindrical metallic container of 60 cm length, with one hole of 5
cm to 16 cm diameter on one end to pass over a bajra or jowar head. After
inserting the panicle inside the container a cork is fitted in the hole to close it.
• A 35 cm long rubber tube or belt is stretched over the side of the container,
and when in use this tube is tied around the peduncle of the head. To measure
the temperature, in the upper side of the container a thermometer is placed.
In the field water is carried in a thermos jug
• The panicle is inserted in
the container prior to
blooming for a particular
duration of time.
• It has been observed that
pollen grains of rice are
killed by immersing the
inflorescence for 5 to 10
minutes in the hot water
maintained at 40-44°C in
a thermos flask.
Cold Water Treatment:
• Like hot water cold water also kills pollen grains
without damaging the gynoecium.
• In rice 0-6°C temperature is maintained to kill the
pollen grains.
• This method is less effective than hot water
treatment.
Alcohol Treatment Method:
• This method is not commonly used for emasculation
because duration of treatment is an important factor
since a very short duration is required failing which
even the gynoecium may be damaged.
• Flowers or inflorescences are immersed in alcohol of a
suitable concentration for a brief period.
• In alfa-alfa, a treatment of even 10 seconds with 57 %
alcohol is sufficient to kill the pollen grains.
Suction Method:
• It is a mechanical method and is suitable for the crops having minute
flowers.
• In this method the amount of pressure is applied in such a way that
only anthers are sucked out and other parts of the flower like
gynoecium remain intact.
• However, in this method 10-15% self pollination takes place. It is one
of the major drawback of this method.
Male Sterility or Self-incompatibility
Method:
• Emasculation option can be eliminated by the use of male-sterile
plants, In some self-pollinated plants for example, Sorghum, Onion,
Barley etc. anthers are sterile and do not produce any viable pollens!
Similarly self-incompatibility may also be used to avoid emasculation.
Chemical Gametocides:
• Certain chemicals are capable of causing male sterility, when sprayed
before flowering e.g., 2, 4-D, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), maleic-
hydrazide (MA), tribenzoic acid etc. FW450 in cotton may be used for
bringing about emasculation.
(iv) Bagging:
• It is the fourth step and completed with emasculation. The

emasculated flower or inflorescence is immediately bagged to avoid
pollination by any foreign pollen. The bags may be made of paper,
butter paper, glassine or fine cloth. Butter paper or vegetable
parchment bags are most commonly used.
• The bags are tied to the base of the inflorescence or to the stalk of the
flower with the help of thread, wire or pins. The bagging is done with
the emasculation in bisexual plants and before the stigma receptivity
and dehiscence of the anthers in unisexual plants. Both male and
female flowers are bagged separately to prevent contamination in male
flowers and cross-pollination in female flowers (Fig. 8).
(v) Tagging:
• The emasculated flowers are tagged just after bagging. Generally circular tags
of about 3 cm or rectangular tags of about 3 x 2 cm are used. The tags are
attached to the base of flower or inflorescence with the help of thread.
• The information on tag must be as brief as possible but complete bearing
the following information:
• (i) Number referring to the field record
• (ii) Date of emasculation
• (iii) Date of crossing
• (iv) Name of the female parent is written first followed by a cross sign (x) and
then the male parent, e.g., C x D denotes that C is the female parent and D is
the male parent.
(vi) Crossing:
• It is the sixth step. It can be defined as the artificial cross-pollination
between the genetically unlike plants. In this method mature, fertile
and viable pollens from the male parent are placed on the receptive
stigma of emasculated flowers to bring about fertilization.
• Pollen grains are collected in petridishs (e.g., Wheat, cotton etc.) or in
paper bags {e.g., maize) and applied to the receptive stigmas with the
help of a camel hair brush, piece of paper, tooth pick or forceps. In
some crops (e.g., Jowar, Bajra) the inflorescences of both the parents
are enclosed in the same bag.
(vii) Harvesting and Storing the F1 Seeds:
• Crossed heads or pods of desirable plants are harvested and after
complete drying they are threshed. Seeds are stored properly with
original tags.
(viii) Raising the F1 generation:
• In the coming season, the stored seeds are sown separately to raise
the F1 generation. The plants of F1 generation are progenies of cross
seeds and therefore are hybrids.
COMPOSITE AND SYNTHETIC
VARIETIES
Composite varieties
• A composite variety is produced by mixing the seeds of
several phenotypically outstanding lines and encouraging
open pollination for crosses in all combinations among the
mixed lines.
• The lines used to produce a composite variety are not tested
for combining ability with each other
• Therefore the yields of composite varieties cannot be
predicted
Synthetic variety
• Synthetic varieties are produced by open pollination among
a number of outstanding strains usually tested for combining
ability with each other
• These are commercial varieties and are maintained by open
pollination in isolation
• A synthetic variety is produced by crossing in all
combinations a number of lines that combine with each
other
• Once synthesized, the variety is maintained by open
pollination in isolation
• THANK YOU

Hybridization

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hybridization

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hybridization

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HYBRIDIZATION

• The mating or crossing of two plants or lines of dissimilar genotype is known as

• To artificially create a variable population for the

The crosses between different species of the same genus or different

(i) Selection of parents

• It is the fourth step and completed with emasculation. The

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.