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Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering: Dr. Sonam Shrivastava/ Assistant Professor (SR.) /SELECT

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18 views

Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering: Dr. Sonam Shrivastava/ Assistant Professor (SR.) /SELECT

Mid

Uploaded by

desalegn kiros
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Electrical and Electronics

Engineering

Dr. Sonam Shrivastava/ Assistant Professor (Sr.) /SELECT


LECTURE 2
Books
Module I. DC Circuits
5

Realistic Voltage Source Week 1 EE 42 and


100, Fall
2005
 A real-life voltage source, like a battery
or the function generator in lab, cannot
sustain a very high current. Either a
fuse blows to shut off the device, or
something melts…
 Additionally, the voltage output of a
realistic source is not constant. The
voltage decreases slightly as the
current increases. RS
 We usually model realistic sources 
considering the second of these two Vs

phenomena. A realistic source is
modeled by an ideal voltage source in
series with an “internal resistance”, RS.
Electrical Resistance
• Resistance: Electric field is proportional to current
density, within a resistive material. Thus, voltage
is proportional to current. The circuit element
used to model this behavior is the resistor.
Circuit symbol: R
Unit for R: Volts per Ampere ≡ ohms (W)

• The current flowing in the resistor is proportional to


the voltage across the resistor:
v = IR
(Ohm’s Law)
where v = voltage (V), I = current (A), and R = resistance (W)
Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law states that the current I flowing in a circuit is
directly Proportional to the applied voltage V and inversely
proportional to the resistance R, provided the temperature
remains constant.
Electrical Conductance
• Conductance is the reciprocal of resistance.
Symbol: G
Units: siemens (S) or mhos ( )
W

Example:
Consider an 8 W resistor. What is its conductance?
Short Circuit and Open Circuit
Wire (“short circuit”):
• R = 0  no voltage difference exists
(all points on the wire are at the same potential)
• Current can flow, as determined by the circuit

Air (“open circuit”):


• R =   no current flows
• Voltage difference can exist, as determined by the circuit
Circuit Nodes and Loops
• A node is a point where two or more circuit elements are
connected.
• A loop is formed by tracing a closed path in a circuit
through selected basic circuit elements without passing
through any intermediate node more than once
Terminology: Nodes and Branches
Node: A point where two or more circuit elements
are connected

Branch: A path that connects two nodes


Kirchhoff’s Laws
• Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
– The algebraic sum of all the currents entering any
node in a circuit equals zero. (An expression of the
conservation of charge.)

• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):


– The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any loop
in a circuit equals zero. (As a result of conservation
of energy.)
Kirchhoff’s current Law
– The algebraic sum of all the currents entering any node in a
circuit equals zero. (An expression of the conservation of
charge.)
– The algebraic sum of all the currents leaving any node in a
circuit equals zero.
– Sum of all the incoming currents = Sum of all the
outgoing currents.

– Reference direction conventions:


– Treat all outgoing currents as +ve
– Treat all incoming currents as -ve
Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
Consider a node connecting several branches:

i2
i3
i1

i4

• Use reference directions to determine whether


currents are “entering” or “leaving” the node –
with no concern about actual current directions
KCL example
A Major Implication of KCL
• KCL tells us that all of the elements in a single
branch carry the same current.
• We say these elements are connected in series.

Current entering node = Current leaving node


i1 = i 2
Using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Consider a branch which forms part of a loop:

+ –
loop v1 voltage loop v2 voltage
“drop” “rise”
_ (negative drop)
+

• Use reference polarities to determine whether a


voltage is dropped – with no concern about actual
voltage polarities
Formulations of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law
(Conservation of energy)

Algebraic sum of voltage drops around loop = 0


– Reference direction conventions:
– Treat all voltage drops as -ve
– Treat all voltage gains as +ve
Find , , ,
KVL Example
KVL Example
Three closed paths:
+ v2  b v3
 +
a c

1 2
+ + +
va vb vc
 - 

3
Path 1:

Path 2:

Path 3:
Example: Power Absorbed by a Resistor
p = vi = ( iR )i = i2R
p = vi = v ( v/R ) = v2/R
Example:
a) Calculate the voltage
vg and current ia.
b) Determine the power
dissipated in the 80W
resistor
Voltage Dividers
Resistors in series share the same current

Vin

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