Steam Boilers

Prepared By :
Brijesh P.Ghadiya
 Introduction

 Steam boiler is a closed vessel in which heat produced by the combustion of

fuel is utilized to produce steam from water, at desired temperature and
pressure.

 According to Indian Boiler Regulation (I.B.R.) a boiler is a closed pressure

vessel with capacity exceeding 22.75 liters for generating steam under
pressure. It includes all the mounting fitted to such vessels which remain
wholly or partly under pressure.

 The boiler used for power generation is have considerably large capacity and
steam is produced at high pressure to get high efficiency of turbine. The
boiler used for process heating and is generate steam at a lower pressure. It is
generally smaller in size and simpler in design.
 Classification of Boilers

 (1) According to geometric orientation of boiler:

If the axis of the boiler is horizontal, the boiler is known as horizontal boiler,
Example : Lancashire Boiler
Locomotive Boiler

If the axis of the boiler is vertical, it is known as vertical boiler,

Example :Cochran Boiler
And,

If the axis of the boiler is inclined it is known as inclined boiler.

 (2) According to relative position of water and hot gases :
(a) Fire Tube boilers :- If the hot gases of combustion from the furnace
pass through the tubes and water is surrounding the tubes is called fire tube
boilers.
(b) Water tube boiler :
If the water passes through the tubes and hot gases surrounding the
tubes is called water tube boiler.
(3) According to location of furnace
(a) Externally Fired boilers: Furnace is placed outside the boiler shell.
Water tube boilers are always externally fired.
(b) Internally fired boiler: Furnace is placed inside the boiler shell. Most
of fire tube boilers are internally fired boiler.

(4) According to method of

water circulation :
(a) Natural circulation boilers: In this
boiler, water flow take place naturally,
by temperature difference of water. The
low capacity boilers use natural
circulation.
Example : Lancashire, Babcock and
Wilcox boiler.
(b)Forced circulation boilers :
In this boiler, water flow
(circulation) is take place by a
pump. High pressure boilers
are forced circulation boilers.
Example : Benson boiler,
La-mount boiler, Velox boiler.

(5) According to working pressure :

(a) High pressure boiler: The working pressure of this boiler is higher than
25 bar. Example : Babcock and Wilcox boiler
(b) Medium pressure boiler : The range of working pressure of this boiler is
between 10 bar to 25 bar.
Example : Lancashire boiler, Locomotive boiler
(c) Low pressure boiler :
The range of working pressure is between 3.5 to 10 bar.
Example : Cochran and Cornish boiler.
(6) According to mobility of boiler :
(a) Stationary boiler : This boiler cannot be transported easily from one place
to another place. The stationary boilers are used for power generation or
process heating in industries.
Example : Lancashire, Babcock and Wilcox boiler.

(b) Mobile boiler : It is portable boiler and can be easily transported (moved)
from one place to another place. This boiler is used in marine and
locomotive. Example: Locomotive boiler.

(7) According to numbers of tubes in the boiler :

(c) Single tube boiler: This boiler having only one fire or water tube for
circulation of hot gases or water.
Example: Cornish boiler.

(b) Multi-tube boiler : This boiler having two or more fire or water tubes for
the circulation of hot gases or water.
Example : Locomotive, Cochran, Lancashire, Babcock & Wilcox
 Water Tube Boiler Over The Fire Tube
Boiler

Advantages and disadvantages :

(1) The heating surface of the boiler is greater.
(2) Required a smaller floor area compared to fire tube boiler.
(3) The fuel is completely burnt due to the large heating area.
(4) A good and fast circulation of water can be possible, and the temperature is

maintained uniform throughout the different parts of the boiler.

(5) Steam can be raised more quickly therefore it can be used for variable load.
(6) The different parts of the boiler can be separated, therefore easier to
transport.

Disadvantages of water tube boiler :

(1) Scale deposition will cause overheating and bursting of tubes.
(2) Proper control system is required to maintain constant level of water as
there is small reserve of water.
(3) The maintenance cost is higher than that of the fire tube boiler.
Comparison :Water Tube Boiler and Fire Tube
Boiler
 Basic parts of boiler (boiler details)

(1) Cylindrical shell: It is shell in which different parts of the boiler are
enclosed and on which the different mountings are fitted.

(2) Grate : It is platform in the furnace on which fuel is burnt.

(3) Furnace (fire box): It is a chamber formed by the space above the boiler
shell in which combustion take place. It is also called a fire box. This
chamber contains hot gases produced by combustion of fuel.

(4) Fire hole : It is the hole through which coal is added to the furnace.

(5) Ash pit (ash pan): It is the area in which the ash of burnt coal is collected.

(6) Smoke chamber (smoke box): The waste gases are collected here and then
releases to the chimney and then to atmosphere.
(7) Man hole : It is a hole provided on the boiler shell so that a workman can
go inside the boiler for inspection, cleaning and maintenance.

(8) Hand holes : It is a hole provided on the shell to give easy access for the
purpose of cleaning the water tubes or some other internal parts of boiler.
They are also fitted with covers.

(8) Mud box: It collects all impurities present in the water. It is at the bottom
of barrel or shell. This impurities are removed time to time by help of
blow off cock.

(9) Steam collecting pipe (Antipriming pipe): When the steam leaving the
boiler, it contains certain amount of water. Antipriming pipe is used to
separate water particles from the steam and to collect dry steam from
boiler.
Cochran boiler (Vertical multi-tabular
boiler)

Characteristics of boiler: A
vertical, multifire-tube, internally fired,
natural circulated boiler.

Construction : The boiler consists of

a cylindrical shell, hemispherical fire
box, fire tubes and chimney. The
hemispherical crown of boiler gives good
strength to withstand against the
pressure.
 The hemispherical shape of furnace can withstand high heat and is also
useful to increase radiant heat transfer from the furnace to hemispherical
furnace wall. The grate is placed at the bottom of furnace and ash pit is
located below the grate.

Working :
 The water is supplied to the boiler through feed check valve and the Coal is
introduced to the grate through the fire door.

 The hot gases produced from furnace enters combustion chamber and passes
through horizontal fire tubes.

 Heat transfer take place from flue gases to water surrounded the tubes by
convection.

 The flue gases coming from of fire tubes enter into smoke box. Finally they
discharge to atmosphere through a chimney.

 The ash formed is collected in ash pit.

Advantages :
(1) It is compact and portable boiler therefore minimum
floor area is required
(2) Initial cost of boiler is less.
(3) It can be moved and set up readily in different locations.
(4) Quick and easy installation.
(5) Any type of fuel can be used (coal or oil)

 Disadvantages :
(1) Steam raising capacity is less due to vertical design.
(2) Water along with steam may enter the steam pipe under
heavy loads due to small steam space.
(3) Efficiency is poor in smaller sizes.
Babcock Wilcox Boiler
Characteristics:
Horizontal, Multi-Water
tube, Externally fired,
Natural circulation, High
pressure boiler.
Babcock and Wilcox water tube boiler
Construction:
 It consists of inclined water tubes, a steam and water drum, a mud box and
super heater as shown in figure. The drum is connected to up take and down
take header by tubes.

 The water tube inclined to the horizontal about 15° or above to bring natural
circulation of water.

 The hand hole is provided in

header for cleaning and
inspection of tubes.

 The baffles plates are provided

in order to make the
circulation of hot gases in sine
wave form.

 Soot doors (cleanout door) is

provided to clean the outside
of the water tubes and to
remove the soot. Soot doors
also help to access to the
interior of the boiler.
Working :
 The water is fed into the drum through the fed check valve. Initially one half of
drum is filled up with water. Due to gravity water passes through the short riser
tubes, header and fills up the inclined water tubes.

 The coal is introduced to furnace grate by help of stroker and the damper
control the flow of air into the furnace.

 Due to heating the density of water decreases. Low density water moves
upward in water tubes. The water tubes just above furnace is heated
comparatively at a higher temperature than the rest of it. Therefore low density
water gradually converted to steam in their path and rises into the drum through
the uptake header.

 Thus a continuous circulation of water from drum to water tubes and water
tubes to drum is maintained due to density difference of water and gravity,
without any pump.

 The steam then enters through the antipriming pipe and flows in the super
heater tubes where it is further heated and is finally taken.
Advantages :
(1) The steam generation capacity of the boiler is very high,
about 2000 to 40,000 kg/ hr.
(2) Replacement of defective tubes is easy.
(3) The draught losses as compared to other boilers is minimum.
(4) It is used in power station for generating large quantity of
steam.
(5) Boiler is required less space area compared to fire tube boilers,
and offers greater operational safety.
Lancashire Boiler
 Lancashire boiler

Characteristics
• Horizontal, Stationary, Multi-fire tube, Internally fired,
Natural circulation, Medium pressure boiler.
Construction :
 It consists of a cylindrical shell and two fire tubes. The cylindrical shell is
placed over the brick structure.

 The boiler have three passes for flow of flue gases.

- One flue passes from inside of boiler,
- second from the sides of boiler shell and
- third is a main flow.
These three passes are formed by brick work, one main flue and two
side flue.

 The grates are provided at the front end and inside of two main fire tubes.

 Super heater is provided at the end of the main flue tubes in passage of flue
gases. While an economizer is at the end of the side flues, before exhausting
the gases to chimney.
Working :

The coal is introduced to the grate through fire holes. The combustion of coal
takes place in presence of air which is regulated by damper. The combustion will
produce hot gases.

 Path of flue gases :

Grate Flue tube Bottom flue

Side flue Chimney Atmosphere

The hot gases from the grate pass to back end of the tubes and then in the
downward direction (FT to BF). They move by the bottom flue to the front of
the boiler where they are divided into two streams and pass into the side flues
(BF to SF). They move along two side flues and enter the chimney and
discharged to atmosphere.

FT : Front Tube, BF : Bottom Flue, SF : Side Flue

Advantages:

(1) Due to three passes of flue gases, the heating surface area per unit volume of
boiler is large.
(2) The fluctuations in load can be easily met by this boiler due to large
reservoir.
(3) Easy operation, low maintenance costs, easy to clean and inspect.
(4) By use of economiser and super heater, maximum heat of flue gases is
utilized, so efficiency of boiler can be increased.

 Disadvantages :

(1) Maximum working pressure is limited to 16 bars.

(2) Due to brick work, more floor area is required.
(3) Response of pressure build up is less.
(4) The furnace is inside the tubes therefore the grate area is restricted.
Locomotive Boiler
Construction :
 The Locomotive boiler consists of a cylindrical barrel with a rectangular fire
box at one end of barrel and a smoke box at the other end of barrel as shown
in figure.

 Firebox entirely surrounded by water except for the fire hole and the ash pit
which is situated below the fire box.

 The dampers control the flow of air to the grate. The fire box is connected
with smoke box by series of fire tubes.

 The fire tubes are placed inside the barrel. Some of these tube are of larger
diameter, in which super heater tubes are placed.
Locomotive
Boiler
Working :
 The coal is introduced through the fire hole into the fire box. The hot gases
which are generated due to burning of the coal are deflected by an arch of
fire bricks, so that walls of the fire box may be heated properly.

 The hot gases pass from the fire box to the smoke box through a series of
fire tubes and then they are discharged into the atmosphere through the
chimney.

 The heat of the hot gases is transferred into the water through the heating
surface of the fire tubes. The steam generated is collected in a dome shaped
chamber above the water surface.
Advantages :
(1) High steam capacity.
(2) Low cost of construction.
(3) Compact and portable.
(4) Good response against fluctuating demands.

Disadvantages :
(1) There are chances of corrosion and scale formation in the water
space due to the accumulation of sediments and the mud particles.
(2) It is difficult to clean some water spaces.
(3) It may be damaged by overheating during overloads.
 High pressure boiler

 In applications where steam is needed @ 30 bar and @ generating capacity less

than 30,000 kg/hr, the fire tube boilers are considerably cheaper than the water
tube boilers.

 But the steam requirement is above 30 bar pressure and higher rate, the fire tube
boilers will be very bulky and difficult to transport to the site.

 The water tube boiler are not facing this problem.

 Therefore, water tube boiler are generally preferred for high pressure and high
steam generating capacity whereas fire tube boiler for low pressure and low
capacity.

 In the power plant, it is necessary to generate steam at a higher rate, high

pressure and with higher efficiency. This requirement is fulfill by high pressure
boilers.
 Advantages of High pressure boiler

(1) Due to forced circulation of water, evaporative capacity of boiler is increased and
size of drum is reduced.
(2) The tendency of scale formation is eliminated due to high velocity of water through
the tubes.
(3) Smaller diameter tubes are used, which increases heat transfer rate and reduces fuel
consumption.
(4) The cost of foundation, the time of erection and cost are reduced due to less weight
of the tubes used.
(5) Pressurized combustion is used which increases rate of firing of fuel thus increasing
the rate of heat release.
(6) These boilers are compact and hence less floor space is required.
(7) Due to uniform heating of all parts, there is less chances of overheating.
(8) The efficiency of plant is increased up to 40 to 42% by using high pressure and high
temperature steam.
(9) The steam can be raised quickly to meet the variable load.
(10) A very rapid start from cold is possible.
Boiler mountings:
These are different fittings and devices which are necessary for the
operation and safety of a boiler. Normally these device are mounted over
boiler shell.
 According to IBR the following mountings should be fitted to the boilers.
(1) Two safety valves (2) Two water level indicators
(3) A pressure gauge (4) A steam stop valve
(5) A feed check valve (6) A blow off cock
(7) Mud holes or sight holes (8) A man hole
(9) An attachment for inspector's test gauge

Boiler Accessories:
These are auxiliary plants or parts required for steam boilers for
their proper operation and increases efficiency of the boiler.
 Commonly used boiler accessories are as
(1) Feed pumps
(2) Economizer
(3) Air preheater
(4) Super heater
(5) Steam separator
(6) Steam strap
 Boiler mountings

Pressure Gauge:

Function: It is an instrument measure the

pressure of steam in boiler.

Construction :
The gauge is usually mounted on the front
top of the shell or the drum. It is designed to
read pressure in kgf/cm2 or bar, above
atmosphere.

The circular bent bourdon tube of oval-cross

section is closed at one end and the other
end is connected with steam space of boiler
through siphon (U-tube).

A bourden gauge with its interior mechanism as shown in Fig.

Working : When pressure is applied to inside of oval tube, It cross section tends
to becomes circular, and free end of tube try to becomes straight, so turning the
spindle and needle by the links and gearing.
Water Level Indicator

Function: It is indicates the water level inside the boiler to an observer.

Working:
 The water of the boiler comes into the glass tube through the lower tube
and the steam through the upper tube.
 The water then stands in the glass tube at the same level as in the boiler.
 Two cocks are used to control the passage of between the boiler and the
glass tube while the third cock is in used to discharge some of the water
from inside the boiler to see whether the gauge is in proper order or not.
Steam Stop Valve
Function : To regulate the flow
of steam from boiler to the
steam pipe or from one steam
pipe to the other.
Construction :

 The flange of valve body bolted to the boiler at the highest part of steam
space.

 It consist of valve seat and nut. The main body of valve is made of cast
iron and valve seat made from Gun metal.

 When steam stop valve is placed directly over the boiler and connected to
the steam pipe line is called the Junction valve. If it is placed near to prime
mover than normally called steam stop valve.

Working :
 The spindle is rotated by help of a hand wheel. Due to rotation of spindle
the valve move up and down.

 When the valve sits over the valve seat, the passage of steam is
completely closed.

 The steam passage may be partially or fully opened by moving the valve
up, help of rotating the hand wheel.
Feed Check Valve

Function:
It is used to control the supply
of water to the boiler & to
prevent the escaping of water
from the boiler when the pump
pressure is less or pump is
stopped.
• Construction:
 The feed check valve is fitted in the water space of the boiler just below the
normal level of the water.
 It consist of non-return valve, water inlet pipe, outlet pipe, spindle, gland and
hand wheel.
 outlet pipe of valve connected with boiler and inlet pipe connected with end of
delivery pipe of feed pump.

• Working :
 Inlet and outlet pipe of valve is exposes
different pressure. At inlet of valve the feed
pump pressure acts and outlet pipe of valve
the boiler pressure act.
 When feed pump is in
operation, the pressure on
the feed pump side (inlet) is
more than pressure on the
boiler side (outlet). This
pressure difference lifts the
non return valve, and allows
water flow into boiler.
Blow-off cock :
Function : The blow-off cock or valve performs the two functions.
(1) To discharge periodically a portion of water which contains mud, scale or
sediments at bottom of boiler vessel while boiler is in operation.
(2) To empty the boiler when necessary for cleaning, inspection and repair.
Working:

 In order to operate the valve, the

rectangular slot is brought in line with
the passage of the body. This is
possible by rotating the plug with the
help of wheel.

 When the slot is placed in this position,

the cock is opened and all the
impurities, mud, sediments etc. Start
flowing out of the boiler and they are
removed.

 When the slot is brought at right

angles to the passage of the body, the
cock is closed.
Function: Its function is to protect the boiler against damage due to overheating
for low water level. It is fitted in the crown of the furnace or firebox at appropriate
place.

Fusible
plug
Working:

 In the normal working conditions of the boiler, the fusible plug is fully
submerged under water.

 When the water level falls below the fusible plug, the plug gets uncovered
from water. The upper portion of the plug gets exposed to the steam space.

 The steam cannot keep the plug

cool. This will over heat the
fusible metal. The plug falls
down along with the fusible
metal making a hole.

 The steam and water, being

under pressure immediately
reach the firebox and extinguish
the fire.
 Safety Valves :
Function : To release the excess steam when the pressure of steam inside the
boiler increases higher than the safe pressure (maximum pressure). Safety
valve are used to maintain safe pressure inside the boiler.

As soon as pressure of steam inside the boiler increases higher than the safe
pressure, safety valve automatically opens and excess steam rushes out into
the atmosphere still pressure drops down to normal value.

Safety valve is generally mounted on the top of the shell. All boiler should have
at least two safety valves.

The safety valve may be classified as

(a) Dead weight safety valve

(b) Lever safety valve
(c) Spring loaded safety valve
(d) High steam and low water safety valve.
 Dead weight safety valve

Construction : A valve is placed upon a valve seat which is fixed upon a long
vertical pipe having a flange at the bottom for fixing at the top of the boiler.

 The weight carrier

suspended from the
top of the valve which
carries cast iron rings
(weight).

 The total weight must

be sufficient to keep
the valve on it seat
against the normal
working pressure.
• Working:

 When the steam pressure exceeds the normal limits, this high pressure steam
creates upward force on valve, thus valve lift with its weights and the excess
steam escapes through the pipe to the outside.

• Advantages :

(1) The construction of valve is simple.

(2) It gives satisfactory operation for low pressure and stationary boilers.

• Disadvantages :

(1) It is not suitable for moving

boilers as the force of the
weights should always work
vertically downward.

(2) It is not suitable for high

pressure boiler as the weight
becomes too large.
High steam and low
water safety valve

Function : This valve serves the

following purposes.

(1) The steam automatically

escapes out when the level of
water falls below a normal
level.

(2) It automatically discharges

the excess steam when the
pressure of steam rises above
a normal pressure.

This valve is generally used at

the Cornish or Lancashire
boiler.
Construction :
 This is a device which combination of two valve and serve two purposes. It
consists of valve V resting on the valve seat and the valve U (hemispherical
valve) loaded with the weights, resting on the valve V as shown in fig.

 Inside the boiler, a lever L1 is hinged at the fulcrum. One end of lever L2
attached to a float E and other end carries weight W.

Working:
 When steam pressure rises
above the normal pressure of
the boiler, the valve V lifted
along with valve U
(hemispherical valve) and
excess steam escapes out.

 When the water level is fall

below the predetermined value,
float moves downwards and
valve U is move up.
 This will provide special
passage to the steam for the
whistling.
Lever Safety Valve
Construction: It consists of a
block on which the valve seat is
screwed and valve is rest on the
valve seat.
• one end of the lever is hinged
and the other end carries a
weight.
• Here downward force on valve is
transmitted through the strut. The
lever rests on the bridge which is
fixed to block.

• one end of the lever a weight is attached and other end is hinged.

• The required weight is determined to keep the valve close up to the

designed steam pressure.
Working:

• When the pressure exceeds the normal limits, the upward force on the
valve is become higher than the downward thrust on valve due to weight
W on lever.
• Thus the valve lifted from its seat with its weight and excess steam will
come out of the boiler.

• This safety valve is used only

for stationary boiler.

• It used at a pressure higher

than that of dead weight safety
valve
Spring loaded safety valve

Construction:
• It consists of a cast iron body having two branch pipes.
• Two separate valve V are placed over the valve seat as shown in figure.

• A lever is placed over the valve

by means of two pivots. The lever
is held tight at its proper position
by means of spring.

• One end of the spring is

connected with lever while other
end with the body of the valve.

• The valve is kept on its seat with

the help of spring force.
 Working:

• In normal condition, the downward force due to spring is higher than upward
force applied by steam.

• The valve is closed due to spring force.

• When steam pressure exceeds normal limit upward force due to steam
pressure is become higher than downward force due to spring.

• Thus, the valves are lifted from their seats opening the passage for steam to
release out of boiler.

• The spring loaded safety valve is used for stationary as well as mobile boiler
and boiler operation is not affected by vibrations and jerks.
 BOILER ACCESSORIES

(1) Feed pump

(2) Economiser
(3) Air preheater
(4) Superheater
(5) Steam separator
(6) Steam trap
1. Feed Pump
Function:
 The feed pump is a pump which is used to deliver feed water to the boiler.
 Double feed pump is commonly employed for medium size boilers.

 Types of Feed pumps

There are Three types of feed Pumps mainly:
 Reciprocating pumps- simplex, duplex, Triplex

 Rotary pumps

 Centrifugal pumps

 Steam boilers generally uses Reciprocating Duplex type of

pump.
 Reciprocating Duplex Pump

 Duplex pump is very common steam driven reciprocating pump. It consist

of a steam cylinder and a water cylinders are placed side by side. There are
two steam ports for each of the steam cylinders.

 Pistons of steam and water cylinders are connected by connecting rod and
drive for carrying out the reciprocating movement of piston.
2.Economiser
 Function: Economiser increases the temperature of feed water using
waste of heat to flue gases leaving the boiler through chimney.
 Construction and working:
 Economiser consists of a large number of a vertical cast iron or steel water
pipes located between two horizontal pipes.
 Feed water enters into economiser through bottom pipe. From bottom pipe
water is comes into the top pipes through vertical pipes and then comes into
boiler.
 The hot flue gases passes over the vertical tubes. And heat transfer take place
from flue gases to cold water in a vertical tubes.
 During this soot of flue gases are deposited on the outer surfaces of vertical
tubes which reduces the efficiency of the economiser.
 To prevent soot deposition scrapers are provided which move up and down
by chain gear arrangement to clean the vertical tubes.
 3.Air Preheater
Function: The function of air preheater increases the temperature of air
before it supply to the furnace using heat from flue gases before passing through
chimney.
 Construction and Working
 An air preheater is installed between economiser and chimney.
 It consists of large number of tubes which arranged in the path of flue gases
shell and hot gases passes through tubes.
 Hot flue gases enters into tubes from the top of shell and leaves from the
bottom to the chimney. The inlet air at room temperature is admitted into shell
at the lower end with the help of fan.
 The air passes around the tubes in the opposite direction to the flow of hot
gases.
 Baffles are provided inside the air preheater, this increases the total path
length of air and thus increases heat transfer.
 Soot hoppers are provided to collect soot during cleaning operation of the
tubes.
4.Superheater
Function:The function of super heater is to increase the temperature of the
steam above its saturation point.
 Construction and Working:
 This super heater consists of a set of super heater tubes in form of U-tubes
and two headers.
 The set of U tubes is connected with main steam pipes through headers and
U-tubes placed in the path of flue gases.
 The amount of hot gases passed over the super heater tubes should be in
proportion to the steam passing through tubes and degree of superheat
required.
 The degree of superheat is controlled by the damper with the help of hand
wheel.
 When valve v1 and v2 are opened, valve v3 closed, steam is passed through
the superheater. so superheater is in action.
 But when superheating is not required, the valves v1 and v2 closed and valve
v3 is opened, the steam is passed from boiler drum to main steam pipe no
superheating takes place
5.Steam Separator
 Function: It removes the suspended water particles from the steam.
 Construction and working
 It consists of inlet and outlet steam pipes, baffles and water drain cock.

 The steam enters at the inlet pipe A and flows down. In its passage it strikes
with the baffles, as a result it gets deflected, but water particles having
greater density and inertia fall to bottom of the separator.

 The dry steam moves up and discharge through outlet pipe B. The water
collected at the bottom of the separator is drain through a drain cock C
periodically.

 A water gauge glass indicates the level of water in the separator.

6. Steam trap
Function: A steam trap is a device used to discharge condensed steam(water)
with a negligible loss of live steam.
 Construction and Working
 It consist of bucket, casing with inlet, outlet tube D and guide pipe P.
 The end of spindle is fitted with bucket at centre and other end works at
valve. A guide pipe is fitted inside the water chamber which has an outlet at
its top.
 This outlet opens or closed by the valve which moves downward or upward
with spindle.
 At normal condition bucket floats over the water and outlet is closed by the
valve.
 When sufficient water is collected in water chamber than enters into the
bucket by over flow and the weight of water causes the bucket to come
downward with spindle, providing thereby an opening of the outlet for
water.
Thank You
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