Toxicology Module 9 and 10

TOxicology
Ms.Christy Liane R
Niem
Toxicology
Toxicology is a field of science that helps us understand the
harmful effects that chemicals, substances, or situations, can
have on people, animals, and the environment. Some refer to
toxicology as the “Science of Safety” because as a field it has
evolved from a science focused on studying poisons and
adverse effects of chemical exposures, to a science devoted to
studying safety.
Forensic Toxicology
Forensic toxicology is the study and practice of the
application of toxicology to the purposes of the law. The
relevance of any finding is determined, in the first
instance, by the nature and integrity of the specimen(s)
submitted for analysis.
Forensic
Toxicologists
Forensic toxicologists perform scientific tests on bodily
fluids and tissue samples to identify any drugs or
chemicals present in the body. Working in a lab, the
forensic toxicologist performs tests on specimens
collected by forensic pathologists during an autopsy or
by crime scene investigators.
Importance of
Toxicology
Benefits of toxicology include:
● Government agencies have a sound scientific basis for
establishing regulations and policies aimed at protecting and
preserving human health and the environment.
● Companies, such as pharmaceutical and chemical, are able to
develop safer products,drugs, and workplaces.
● Consumers have access to information that helps them make
decisions about their own health and prevent diseases.
The field of forensic
toxicology involves
three main sub-
disciplines:
Postmortem forensic
Toxicology
methodologies for the identification, confirmation, and
quantification of both therapeutic and abused drugs.
Postmortem forensic
Toxicology
Blood, Urine, Liver - Blood is often the specimen of
choice for detecting, quantifying and interpreting drugs
and other toxicant concentrations.
Human performance
toxicology
Human performance toxicology is dedicated to
evaluating how exposure to drugs, chemicals, or alcohol
affects an individual's cognitive and physical capabilities
in various activities, including work, sports, driving, and
everyday life.
Forensic drug testing
Forensic drug testing is a broad term that can refer
to the physical testing of a substance or the testing
of an individual to find out if a substance is present
within an individual. The results of these tests are
achieved by using forensic chemistr
History of Toxicology
Ancient History * Poisonous plants and animals
1500 BC poison used towards the enemies or for

state execution
1198 - first collection of writings on toxicology “the Treaties
on poisons and their Antidotes”.
Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment -

Paracelsus (16th century )
orfila (19th century)
Paracelsus introduced the use of chemical
substances, such as minerals, into medicine.
Paracelsus theorized the constitution of matter
based on three elements: sulphur, salt and
mercury.
Mathieu Joseph Bonaventure Orfila (1787–
1853), often called the "Father of Toxicology,"
was the first great 19th-century exponent of
forensic medicine. Orfila worked to make
chemical analysis a routine part of forensic
medicine, and made studies of asphyxiation,
the decomposition of bodies, and exhumation.
2oth -21th Centuries
DNA and various biochemicals has been discovered .
Ways on how
toxicologist Collect
sample /evidence
Steps in forensic analysis or treatment of the specimen to get an answer include:
● Isolation of the drug/poison from the matrix, be it blood or vitreous. To do this,
some type of extraction method is employed to remove the substance from the
biological
model.
● Detection and characterization of the poison by comparison with known quality
control reference materials (controls), calibrators, and drug libraries is the next
step.
● Identification of the drug, or confirmatory testing, by matching retention times
and
spectrum of an unknown substance in a sample to a known material in the drug
library.
Steps in forensic analysis or treatment of the specimen to get an answer include:
● Quantification - when a concentration of the substance is determined by

comparison
to values of a calibration curve analyzed on the same run as the samples.
● Interpretation - once data is reviewed, forensic toxicologists consider all the
results,
the case information, and known literature to interpret the toxicological findings in
a
case.
Poison and Type of
Posion
poison
Poison is any substance that can cause severe organ
damage or death if ingested, breathed in, injected into
the
body or absorbed through the skin.
Poisoning
Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing, inhaling, touching
or injecting various drugs, chemicals venoms or gases. Many
substances — such as drugs and carbon monoxide — are
poisonous only in higher concentrations or dosages. And others
— such as cleaners — are dangerous only if ingested. Children
are particularly sensitive to even small amounts of certain
drugs and chemicals.
Type of Poison
Poisons
Poisons
Poisons
Examining Poisoning
A blood test can be used to check the levels of
chemicals and glucose in the blood. They may be used
to perform a toxicology screen (tests to find out how
many drugs or how much medicine a person has taken),
and a liver function test,
Tests and techniques, including chromatographic and
spectrophotometric methods, are detailed for blood, urine, and tissue
analysis.
Thank You

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TOxicology

1500 BC poison used towards the enemies or for

Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment -

● Quantification - when a concentration of the substance is determined by

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