Carbohydrate

CARBOHYDRATE
(Lecture-II)
CARBOHYDRATE
 Carbohydrate are often referred to as
saccharides (Greek: sakcharon-sugar)
 Carbohydrate means “hydrates of
carbon”.
 They are composed of the elements
carbon, hydrogen & Oxygen.
 The general formula is (C.H2O)n
 where n is number of carbons.
 They are the Subunits of sugars
 The names of carbohydrates generally end
CARBOHYDRATES IN NATURE
living organism wood, paper and

cotton
DNA
food
DEFINITION OF
CARBOHYDRRATE
 “Carbohydrate may be defined as
poly hydroxy-aldehyde or ketones
or compounds which produce them
on hydrolysis”.
 The term sugar is applied to

carbohydrate soluble in water and
sweet to taste.
CLASSIFICATION OF
CARBOHYDRATE
 They are broadly classified into 3 groups-
 These classification based on the number of
sugar units.
1. Monosaccharide- (Greek: mono-one)
2. Oligosaccharides -(Greek: few) contain 2-10
monosaccharide unit.
3. Polysaccharides- (Greek: many) contain more
than 10 monosaccharide unit.
MONOSACCHARIDE
 Monosaccharide (Greek: mono-one) are
the simplest group of sugar.
 Monosaccharide contain a single unit- eg.
glucose
 The general formula of Monosaccharide is
Cn(H2O)n
 They cannot be broken down to smaller
carbohydrates
 They Provide energy - readily broken
down to release energy (metabolism)
MONOSACCHARIDE………..
The Monosaccharide are broadly classified
into 2 groups- (based on functional group
& number of carbon atoms)
1. ALDOSES- When the functional group in
monosaccharide is an aldehyde (-CHO)
they are known as Aldoses.
Examples- Glucose, Glyceraldehydes
2. KETOSES- When the functional group in
monosaccharide is an Keto (-C=O) they
are known as Ketoses.
Examples- Fructose, Dihydoxyacectone
GLUCOSE
 They are the building blocks of carbohydrates
 They are the most abundant monosaccharide found
in nature, contains six carbons and an aldehyde
group.
 Glucose is aldohexose.
 Formula of glucose is C6H12O6
OPEN & CLOSE STRUCTURE OF GLUCOSE
FRUCTOSE
 Fructose, known as fruit sugar, contains six
carbons and a ketone group, So it is known
as a ketohexose.
 They naturally found in fruit, honey,
agave and most root vegetables.
Moreover, it’s commonly added to
processed foods in the form of
high-fructose corn syrup.
 Formula of Fructose is C6H12O6
 Fructose has the sweetest taste but
OPEN & CLOSE STRUCTURE OF
FRUCTOSE
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
 Oligosaccharides (Greek: few) contain 2-10
monosaccharide molecules which are
liberated on hydrolysis.
 Based on number of monosaccharide units
present they are further subdivided-

Disaccharides
Trisaccharides
Tetrasaccharides
Pentasaccharides
Hexasaccharides & respectively
DISACCHARIDES
 Disaccharides are the most important type of
oligosaccharides , the general formula is Cn(H2O)n
 They produce two molecules of the same or
different monosaccharides units held together by a
glycosidic bond
 They are 2 types-
 Reducing- The disaccharides with free aldehyde or
keto group.
 Examples- 1. Maltose= Glucose + Glucose
2. Lactose= Glucose + Galactose
 Non Reducing- The disaccharides with no free
aldehyde or keto group.
Examples- 1. Sucrose= Glucose + Fructose
MALTOSE
 Maltose is also known as Malt Sugar, its
not found in free form in the body.
 It is reducing sugar.
 The General formula is C12H22O11
 They are made up of two α-D-glucose units
held together by α-D (1→4) glycosidic bond
LACTOSE
 Lactose is more commonly known as
milk sugar because it is found in milk.
 It is reducing sugar.
 It is made up of β -D- galactose & β -
D- glucose unit held together by β
(1→4) glycosidic bond.
 It is hydrolyse.dby the intestinal enzyme lactase
to glucose & galactose
FORMATION OF LACTOSE
β -D- galactose β -D- glucose

SUCROSE
 Sugar is known as cane sugar
because it is found in sugar cane.
 It is non reducing sugar.
 Sucrose is the major carbohydrate
produced in photosynthesis.
 It is made up of α -D- glucose & β -D-
fructose unit held together by (α1→ β2)
glycosidic bond.
FORMATION OF SUCROSE
1
2
α- β (1→2) glycosidic bond
α -D- glucose β -D-fructose

POLYSACCHARIDES
 Polysaccharides (Greek: many) contain
more than 10 monosaccharide unit.
 Polysaccharides consist of repeat units
of monosaccharide or their derivatives

held together by glycosidic bond.
 They are linear as well as branched
polymers.
 Polysaccharides are of 2 types-
I. Homopolysaccharides
II. Heteropolysaccharides
HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES
 Homopolysaccharides are also known as
homoglycan.
 Homopolysaccharides are polymers containing
only one type (same) monosaccharide residue.

Examples- 1. Starch
2. Cellulose
3. Glycogen
4. Dextrins
5. Inulins
STARCH/AMYLUM
 Starch is also known as storage polysaccharides.
 General formula is C6H10O5
 It is reserve of plants which is the most important
dietary source for higher animals, including man.
 Starch is found in cereals, roots, vegetables etc.
 Starch is made up of 2 polysaccharides
components amylose (15-20%) & amylopectin (80-
85%)
 Amylose is a water soluble, long unbranched chain
with 200-1000 D-glucose units held together by α
(1→4) glycosidic bond
 Amylopectin is a water insoluble, long branched
chain with 20-30 D-glucose units held together by
STRUCTURE OF STARCH
CELLULOSE
 Cellulose found in plants & it is most abundant
organic substance in plants kingdom.
 General formula is (C6H10O5)n
 It is the main constituents of cell wall, skeleton
parts of the plants.
 Main source- Cotton (97%) & wood (40%).
 It is absent in animals.
 It is polymer of β-D-glucose units (1,250-
12,500) attached by β (1→4) glycosidic bond.
STRUCTURE OF CELLULOSE
β -D- glucose
β -D- glucose
HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES
 Heteropolysaccharides are also known
as heteroglycans.
 Heteropolysaccharides are polymers
containing different types of
monosaccharide units.
 Examples- 1. Hyaluronic acid
2. chondroitin 4- sulfate
3. Heparin
4. Dermatan Sulfate
5. Keratan Sulfate
HYLAURONIC ACID
 Mostly found in the ground substance of
Synovial fluid of joints & vitreous humor of
eyes.
 It is also present as a ground substance in
connective tissues & forms a gel around the
ovum.
 It is made up of alternative units of D-
glucuronic acid & N-acetylglucosamine
units held together by β (1→3) O- glycosidic
bond.
STRUCTURE OF HYLAURONIC ACID
(1→3) N-Acetyl glucosamine

β-glucuronic acid
CHONDROTIN 4- SULFATE
 Chondrotin 4-sulfate (Greek-chondros-
cartilage) is a major constituent of
various mammalian tissues (bone,
cartilage,heart,valves,skin, cornea etc ).
 It is also present in many tissues.
 It is composed of β-glucuronic acid & N-
Acetylgalactosaminesamine 4 sulfate with β (1→3)
O- glycosidic bond.
STRUCTURE OF CHONDROTIN 4-
SULFATE
1
(1→3)
N-acetylgalactosamine
4-sulfate
β-glucuronic acid
SHORT TERMS
1. EPIMERS
2. ANOMERS
3. MUTAROTATION
4. D & L ISOMERS
5. FISCHER & HAWORTH PROJECTION
EPIMERS
“If two monosaccharides differ from each other in their

configuration around a single specific carbon is known as
epimers”
Example- glucose and mannose are C-2 epimers where as
glucose & galactose are C-4 epimers.
ANOMERS
“The α & β cyclic forms of D- glucose are
called Anomers”
1 1
MUTAROTATION
 The α & β anomers of glucose have different

optical rotation.
 The specific optical rotation of a freshly prepared
glucose (α ) solution in water is +112.2 which

gradually changes & an equilibrium with a
constant value of +52.7
 In the presence of alkali, the decrease in optical
rotation of β –glucose is +18.7.

“ Mutarotation is defined as the changes in the
specific rotation for interconversion of α & β
forms of D-glucose to an equilibrium
D & L ISOMERS OF GLUCOSE
 The D & L isomers are mirror images of each
other. The special orientation of –H & -OH
groups on the carbon atom (C5).
 If the –OH group is on right side the sugar is
called D-glucose whereas –OH group is on
left side the sugar is called L-glucose
 Each glucose units is composed of one
aldehyde group with four secondary alcoholic
and one primary alcoholic group.
Since glucose is an optically active molecule,
therefore it can show optical isomers and
exist as Enantiomers known as L-
(-) glucose and D(-) glucose
D & L ISOMERS OF GLUCOSE
5 5
FISCHER & HAWORTH PROJECTION
• FISCHER & HAWORTH are two scientist which give the open & close
structure of D- Glucose
• FISCHER gave open structure of D- glucose where as HAWORTH give
close structure of D- glucose
FUNCTION OF CARBOHYDRATES
 Provide instant energy to the body- arbohydrates
which we consume as food in the form of starch (ex:
potato, bread), sucrose (ex: sugar, fruits)etc. get
digested in the body to release glucose.
 Reserve food for the body emergency: The excess
glucose in the body is converted to glycogen due to the
stimulation by the hormone insulin. Glucose in blood
is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver for
future needs like starvation.
 Detoxification of the body by
metabolism: Many drugs, toxic wastes in
the body are metabolized for
 They form components of bio-
molecules- They have a key role in
blood clotting,
immunity, fertilization etc.Thus
they take part in many physiological
reaction.
 Transport of oxygen: Glucose is
taken by red blood cells. These are the
types of blood cells which lack
mitochondria and other cell organelles
required for production energy.

Carbohydrate

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Carbohydrate

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Carbohydrate

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CARBOHYDRATE

living organism wood, paper and

 The term sugar is applied to

present they are further subdivided-

β -D- galactose β -D- glucose

α- β (1→2) glycosidic bond

α -D- glucose β -D-fructose

of monosaccharide or their derivatives

only one type (same) monosaccharide residue.

(1→3) N-Acetyl glucosamine

“If two monosaccharides differ from each other in their

 The α & β anomers of glucose have different

glucose (α ) solution in water is +112.2 which

rotation of β –glucose is +18.7.

You might also like

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.