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O-Level Chapter 2

Chapter2 hodder education

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20 views

O-Level Chapter 2

Chapter2 hodder education

Uploaded by

Munazzah Sultana
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2

CLASSIFICATION
How Organisms are
Classified
• There are millions of species of
organisms on Earth
• A species is defined as
• A group of organisms that can reproduce to
produce fertile offspring
• These species can be classified into
groups by the features that they
share e.g. all mammals have bodies
covered in hair, feed young from
mammary glands and have external
ears
The Binomial
• Organisms were first classified by a Swedish
System
naturalist called Linnaeus in a way that allows the
subdivision of living organisms into smaller and
more specialised groups
• The species in these groups have more and more
features in common the more subdivided they get
• He named organisms in Latin using the binomial
system where the scientific name of an organism is
made up of two parts starting with
the genus (always given a capital letter) and
followed by the species (starting with a lower case
letter)
• When typed binomial names are always
in italics (which indicates they are Latin) e.g. Homo
sapiens
• The sequence of classification
is: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Gen
us, Species
Dichotomous
• Keys
Keys are used to identify organisms based on
a series of questions about their
features
• Dichotomous means ‘branching into two’ and
it leads the user through to the name of the
organism by giving two descriptions at a
time and asking them to choose
• Each choice leads the user onto another two
descriptions
• In order to successfully navigate a key, you
need to pick a single organism to start with
and follow the statements from the
beginning until you find the name
• You then pick another organism and start at
the beginning of the key again, repeating
Check your knowledge
The Five
Kingdoms

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.


 The first division of living
things in the classification
system is to put them into
one of five kingdoms. They
are:
 Animals

 Plants

 Fungi

 Protoctista

 Prokaryotes
Animals

 Main
features of all
animals:
 they are multicellular
 theircells contain a nucleus
but no cell walls or
chloroplasts
 they feed on organic
substances made by other
living things
Plants
Main features of all
plants:
they are multicellular
their cells contain a
nucleus, chloroplasts and
cellulose cell walls
they all feed by
photosynthesis
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
Fungi
 Main features of all fungi
(e.g. moulds, mushrooms,
yeast)
 usually multicellular
 cells
have nuclei and cell
walls not made from cellulose
 do not photosynthesize but feed
by saprophytic (on dead or
decaying material) or
parasitic (on live
material) nutrition
Protista
 Mainfeatures of all
protoctists (e.g. Amoeba,
Paramecium, Plasmodium)
 most are unicellular but some
are multicellular
 all
have a nucleus, some may
have cell walls and chloroplasts
 meaning some protoctists
photosynthesise and some
feed on organic
substances made by other living
things
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
Prokaryotes/Monera

 Mainfeatures of all
prokaryotes (bacteria,
blue-green algae)
 often unicellular
 cellshave cell walls (not
made of cellulose)
and cytoplasm but no
nucleus or mitochondria

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.


Vertebrat
es
 All vertebrates have
a backbone
 There are 5 classes of
vertebrates
Invertebrates
 Invertebrates do not possess a
backbone
 One of the morphological
characteristics used to classify
invertebrates is whether they
have legs or not
 All invertebrates with jointed
legs are part of the
phylum Arthropods
 They are classified further into the
following classes:
• The Plant
Kingdom
 At least some parts of any plant
are green, caused by the
presence of the
pigment chlorophyll which
absorbs energy from sunlight for
the process of photosynthesis
 The plant kingdom includes
organisms such as ferns and
flowering plants
Ferns
 Have leaves called fronds
 Do not produce flowers but
instead reproduce by
spores produced on the
underside of fronds

This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.


Flowering plants

 Reproduce sexually by means


of flowers and seeds
 Seeds are produced inside the
ovary found at the base of the
flower
 Can be divided into two groups
– monocotyledons and dicotyledo
ns
• How do you distinguish
between
monocotyledons and
dicotyledons?
 1) Flowers
 Flowers from monocotyledons contain
petals in multiples of 3
 Flowers from dicotyledons contain
petals in multiples of 4 or 5
 2) Leaves
 Leaves
from monocotyledons have parallel
leaf veins
 Leaves
from dicotyledons have reticulated
leaf veins (meaning that they are all
interconnected and form a web-like

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