INTRO

What is
Science?
• Science – comes from the Latin word Scientia, meaning ‘knowledge.’
• -refers to a systematic and methodical activity of building and
organizing knowledge about how the universe behaves through observation,
experimentation or both.
• 1. Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories and all available systematic
explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.
• 2. Science as an intellectual activity.It encompasses a systematic and
practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study
involves systematic observation and experimentation.
• 3. Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline, a field of
study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about
the natural and physical world. This is what we refer to as school science.
• 4. Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that science is
both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better
understanding of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to
survive in life. It is interwoven in people’s lives.
What is Technology?
the invention of drugs that cured previously incurable diseases
introduced new strains of bacteria and viruses that are resistant to the
very same drugs once fought them.
*the rise of social media drastically changed the way humans
communicate, interact and share information; however, this tends to
put people’s privacy at risk.

Science and technology have served a

predominantly double-edged function.
 As problems in science and technology continue to rise and become more
observable, the need to pay attention to their interactions with various aspects of
human life, e.g. social, political and economic becomes ever more necessary. How
the different aspects of society shape and influence the progression and further
development of science and technology is the area of concern of a relatively new
academic discipline called Science, Technology and Society.

Science, Technology and Society (STS) applies methods drawn from

history,philosophy and sociology to study the nature of science and technology and
ultimately judge their value and place in society. As an interdisciplinary field, the
emergence of STS was a result of questions about science and technology’s dynamic
interaction with various aspects of society and was thus viewed as a socially
embedded enterprise. It seeks to bridge the gap between two traditionally
exclusive cultures-humanities (interpretive) and natural sciences (rational)- so that
humans will be better able to confront the moral,ethical and existential dilemmas
brought about by the continued developments in science and technology.
Science, Technology and Society
Lesson 1

HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL

CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
 This lesson tackles how social contexts shaped and were shaped by
science and technology across three historical period and a discussion
on important Phillippine inventions and innovations. It emphasizes the
various social, cultural,economic and political impacts of scientific and
technological innovation throughout history.
Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
1. Discuss the interactions between S&T and society throughout history
2. Discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society
and the environment
3. Identify the paradigm shifts in history
• Antecedent - a precursor to the unfolding or existence of something.
Thus, historical antecedents in science and technology are the factors
that paved the way for the presence of advanced and sophisticated
scientific and technological innovations today.
Knowledge of the history of science and technology is useful in
appraising these innovations today. By understanding how previous
generations influenced and were influenced by developments in
science and technology, today’s generation can come up with informed
decisions on the proper application of science and technology to daily
life.
period
to
middle
ages
 Ancient
period
The rise of ancient
civilizations paved the way for
advances in science and
technology. These advances
during the Ancient period
allowed civilizations to
flourish by finding better
ways of communication,
transportation, self-
organization, and of living in
general.
 ANCIENT WHEEL
There is a general agreement that the ancient
wheel grew out of a mechanical device called
the potter’s wheel.
Potter’s wheel is a heavy flat disk made of
hardened clay which was spun horizontally on an
axis.
The Sumerians invented potter’s wheel shortly
after 3500 BC.
 It could be that a potter thought of shifting the
potter’s wheel to a 90-degree angle for the
purpose of transportation or the wheel was
reinvented for this purpose.
1000 to 1500 years later that the wheel was the
first used on carts.
PAPER
Roughly around 3000 BC, the ancient
Egyptians began writing on papyrus.
Papyrus is a material similar to thick paper.
It is made from the pith of the papyrus
plant cyperus papyrus. It is lightweight,
strong, durable and most importantly,
portable.
Writing was reserved only for very
important occasions.
With the advent of the papyrus,
documentation and record-keeping
became efficient, widespread, and vast.
Through its use, information dissemination
became exponentially faster. Records were
kept and stood test of the time.
SHADOOF
• The shadoof, also spelled
as shaduf, is a hand
operated device used for
lifting water.
• Its invention introduced
the idea of lifting things
using counterweights.
 ANTIKYTHERA
MECHANISM
• Was used to predict
astronomical positions and
eclipses for calendar and
astrological purposes.
• One of the oldest known
antecedents of modern
clockwork was invented by
greek scientists between
150-100 BC.
 AEOLIPILE
• Also known as Hero’s engine.
• The Aeolipile is widely believed to
be the ancient precursor of the
steam engine.
• Is a steam powered turbine which
spun when the water container at
its center was heated.
MIDDLE
AGES
 HEAVY
PLOUGH
Clay soil, despite being more
fertile than lighter types of soil,
was not cultivated because of
its heavy weight. However,
through the invention of the
heavy plough, it became
possible to harness clay soil.
It stirred an agricultural
revolution in Northern Europe
marked by higher and healthier
agricultural yields and more
efficient agricultural practices.
 GUNPOWDER
• Around 850 AD, Chinese
alchemists accidentally invented
black powder or gunpowder. It
was an unintended attempt by
Chinese to invent the elixir of life,
which is why Chinese called it
Huoyao, roughly translated as
“fire potion.” Prior to its
invention, swords and spears
were used in battles and wars.
Since its invention, the
gunpowder has allowed for more
advanced warfare.
 PAPER MONEY
• The first known version of paper
money could be traced back to the
Chinese in 17th century AD as an
offshoot of the invention of block
printing which is similar to stamping.
Prior to its introduction, precious
metals, such as gold and silver were
used as currency.
• Its use did not gain immediate
success, however, traders and
merchants eventually realized its
huge advantage because it is easier
to transport.
 MECHANICAL
CLOCK
• The development of mechanical
clocks paved the way for accurately
keeping track of time.
• The sophistication of clockwork
technology of the mechanical clock
drastically changed the way days
were spent and work patterns were
established, particularly in the
more advanced Middle Age cities.
 SPINNING WHEEL
• A machine used for transforming fiber
into thread or yarn and eventually
woven into cloth on a loom.
• Prior to the invention of spinning
wheel, weaving was done
predominantly through the more time-
consuming and tedious process of
hand spinning.
• It sped up the rate at which fiber could
be spun by a factor of 10 to 100 times.
It ushered in a breakthrough in linen
production when it was introduced in
Europe in 13th century AD.
Modern Ages
• Modern ages realized the utmost importance of increasing the
efficiency of transportation, communication, and production.
Industrialization took place with greater risks in human health, food
safety, and environment which had to be addressed as scientific and
technological progress unfolded at an unimaginable speed.
 Compound
microscope
• Zacharias Janssen is
credited for the invention
of the first compound
microscope with his
father Hans. It magnified
objects far larger than
simple magnifying lens
can do. It is important
instrument in many
scientific studies such as
in medicine,forensic
studies,and genetics.
 Telescope
• Most important technological
invention in the study of
astronomy during modern ages
was the practical telescope
made by Galileo Galilei
• This invention could magnify
objects 20 times larger than the
Dutch perspective glasses.
• For the first time, it became
clear that the universe is far
larger than previously imagined
and the Earth far smaller
compared to the entire universe.
Jacquard Loom
• As the industrial revolution reached full speed
the,
• Was considered as one of the most critical
drivers of the revolution.
• Built by French weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard
• Simplifies textile manufacturing
• Prior to the invention of the Jacquard loom , a
drawloom was used which required two
individuals to operates to operate
the weaver and a drawboy
• If figured designs on textiles were needed. As
such, intensified manual labor and greater
effort had to be exerted to produce complex
design.
Engine-Powered Airplane
• Orville Wright and Wilbur Wright are
created for designing and
successfully operating the first
engine-powered aircraft and flight
scientifically.
• Proved that aircrafts could fly
without airfoil-shaped wings
• Flying machine –patent showing that
slightly-tilted wings, which they
referred to as aeroplanes .
• The Wright brothers paved the way
for modern aircraft technology.
TelevisionTELEVISION
• The Scottish engineer John Logie
Baird is largely credited for the
television
• Braid successfully televised objects in
outline in outline in 1924
• Recognizable human face 1925
• Moving object in 1926
• Projected colored images in 1928
 Inventions by Filipino
Scientist
• The Philippines boasts of, its own
history and tradition of scientific
and technological innovations.
• Filipinos have long been known for
their ingenuity.
• As with all the other inventions,
necessity has always been the
mother of the Philippine
inventions.
• Most of these inventions appealed
to the unique social and cultural
context of the archipelagic nation,
• Focused on navigation, traditional
shipbuilding, textiles, food
processing, indigenous arts and
techniques and even cultural
inventions
 Electronic Jeepney ( E-
Jeep)
• Jeepney is perhaps one of the most recognizable national
symbols of the Philippines and the most popular mode of pubic
transportation in the country.
• It is also perhaps one of the most enduring symbols of the
Filipino ingenuity.
• Were designed and improvised from scratch out of military
jeeps that the Americans left in the country after World War II
• E-Jeepney was introduced in Metro Manila and Bacolod City
• The e-jeepney is the inventive response to criticisms to the
traditional jeepney that blenched smokes, directly causing air
pollution which made it unsustainable and uneconomical.

• E-jeepney are designed to be environment friendly, eliminating

noise and air pollution as they also more economical than
ordinary diesel, allowing jeepney drivers to earn more profit.
 Erythromycin
• The Ilonggo scientist Abelardo
Aguilar invented this antibiotic
out of a strain of bacterium
call Streptomyces erythreus,
from which this drug derived
its name.
• As with the case of several
other local scientist, however,
Aguilar was not created for his
discover by Eli Lilli Co,
Aguilar’s US employer, to
whom he sent the strain for
separation. The US company
eventually owned the merits
for this discovery
Medical Incubator
Fe del Mundo- A Woman of “Firsts”
• First woman pediatrician to be admitted to Harvard Medical School in
1936.
• First woman to be named National Scientist of the Philippines in 1980.
• Founded the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines, then Children
Medical Center, and now Fe Del Mundo Medical Center.
• Credited with studies that lead to the invention of the first incubator
and jaundice-relieving device.
• Received the Elizabeth Blackwell Award as a “Woman Doctor of World
Renown”.
• Received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for “Outstanding Public
Service”.
• Received the 15th International Congress of Pediatrics Award as the
“Most Outstanding Pediatrician and Humanitarian” in 1977.
• Her original improvised
incubator consisted of two
native laundry baskets of
different sizes that are
placed one inside the other.
Warmth is generated by
bottles with hot water
placed around the baskets.
A makeship hood over the
baskets allows oxygen to
circulate inside the
incubator.
 Mole Remover
• In 2000, a local invention that had
the ability to easily remove moles
and warts on the skin without the
need for any surgical procedure shot
to fame
• Rolando dela Cruz is created for the
invention of a local mole remover
that made use of extracts of cashew
nuts
• He won a gold medal for this
invention in the international
invention, Innovation, Industrial
design and teachnology Exhibition in
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in 2000
Banana Ketchup
• Maria Orosa – Filipino food
technologist, credited for the
invention of banana ketchup- a
variety of ketchup different from
the commonly know tomato
ketchup.
• Her invention appeals
particularly to Filipinos who love
using condiments to go long
with their food.
• Made use of mashed banana,
sugar, vinegar and spices
• Brownish-yellow in natural color
but is dyed red to resemble the
color of the most loved tomato
ketchup