Lesson2 DRR

LESSON 2
Risk
Factors
Underlying Disasters
At risk
Disaster can affect everyone. It does not discriminate

between and among social classes, gender, creed, race, and
nationality. But certain risk factors put those affected in a
position where they will have graver or longer-lasting post-
disaster stress reactions. These aggravating factors
contribute to evident differences in the stress reactions of
certain individuals with certain characteristics.
ACTIVITY!
READING
ACTIVITY
DISASTER
1. Exposure - the “elements at
risk from a natural or man-made
hazard event (Quebral, 2016).
2. Hazard-a potentially
dangerous physical occurrence,
phenomenon or human activity
that may result in loss of life or
injury, property damage, social
and economic disruption, or
environmental degradation.
3. Vulnerability - the condition
determined by physical, social,
economic and environmental
factors or processes, which
increase the susceptibility of a
community to the impact of
WHAT IS RISK
FACTOR?
RISK FACTORS
 Risk Factors are processes or conditions, often development-
related, that influence the level of disaster risk by increasing
levels of exposure and vulnerability or reducing capacity.
RISK FACTORS
The following are also taken into consideration when risk factors
underlying disaster are involved:
 Severity of exposure - which measures those who experience
disaster first- hand which has the highest risk of developing
future mental problems, followed by those in contact with the
victims such as rescue workers andhealth care practitioners
and the lowest risk are those most distant like those who have
awareness of the disaster only through news.
RISK FACTORS
 Gender and Family - the female gender suffers more adverse
effects. This worsens when children are present at home.
Marital relationships are placed under strain.
 Age - adults in the age range of 40-60 are more stressed after
disasters but in general, children exhibit more stress after
disasters than adults do
RISK FACTORS
 Economic status of country evidence indicates that severe
mental problems resulting from disasters are more prevalent in
developing countries like the Philippines. Furthermore, it has
been observed that natural disasters tend to have more
adverse effects in developing countries than do man- caused
disasters in developed countries.
Factors
which
underlies
disasters
Factors which underlie disasters:
1. Climate Change
2. Environmental Degradation
3. Globalized Economic Development
4. Poverty and Inequality
5. Poorly planned and Managed Urban Development
6. Weak Governance
7. Geographical Location
1.
CLIMATE
CHANGE
1. CLIMATE CHANGE
can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways - by altering the

frequency and intensity of hazards events, affecting vulnerability
to hazards, and changing exposure patterns. For most people, the
expression "climate change" means the alteration of the world's
climate that we humans are causing such as burning of fossil
fuels, deforestation and other practices that increase the carbon
footprint and concentration of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.
1. CLIMATE CHANGE
This is in line with the official definition by the United Nations

Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that climate
change is the change that can be attributed “directly or indirectly
to human activity that alters the composition of the global
atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability
observed over comparable time periods"
2.
Environmental
Degradation
2. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
changes to the environment can influence the frequency and

intensity of hazards, as well as our exposure and vulnerability to
these hazards.
For instance, deforestation of slopes often leads to an increase
in landslide hazard and removal of mangroves can increase the
damage caused by storm surges (UNISDR, 2009b).
2. ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION
It is both a driver and consequence of disasters, reducing the

capacity of the environment to meet social and ecological needs.
Over consumption of natural resources results in environmental
degradation, reducing the effectiveness of essential ecosystem
services, such as the mitigation of floods and landslides.
This leads to increased risk from disasters, and in turn, natural
hazards can further degrade the environment.
3.
Globalized
Economic
Development
3. GLOBALIZED ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
It results in an increased polarization between the rich and poor
on a global scale. Currently increasing the exposure of assets in
hazard prone areas, globalized economic development provides
an opportunity to build resilience if effectively managed.
3. GLOBALIZED ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
By participating in risk- sensitive development strategies such
as investing in protective infrastructure, environmental
management, and upgrading informal settlements, risk can be
reduced. Dominance and increase of wealth in certain regions and
cities are expected to have increased hazard exposure (Gencer,
2013).
4.
Poverty and
Inequality
4. POVERTY AND INEQUALITY
 Impoverished people are more likely to live in hazard- exposed

areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures. The
lack of access to insurance and social protection means that
people in poverty are often forced to use their already limited
assets to buffer disaster losses, which drives them into further
poverty.
 Impoverished people are more likely to live in hazard- exposed

areas and are less able to invest in risk-reducing measures. The
lack of access to insurance and social protection means that
people in poverty are often forced to use their already limited
assets to buffer disaster losses, which drives them into further
poverty.
 Poverty is therefore both a cause and consequence of disaster
risk (Wisner et al., 2004), particularly extensive risk, with
drought being the hazard most closely associated with poverty
(Shepard et al., 2013).
 The impact of disasters on the poor can, in addition to loss of

life, injury and damage, cause a total loss of livelihoods,
displacement, poor health, food insecurity, among other
consequences.
 Vulnerability is not simply about poverty, but extensive
research over the past 30 years has revealed that it is generally
the poor who tend to suffer worst from disasters (DFID, 2004;
Twigg, 2004; Wisner et al., 2004; UNISDR, 2009b).
5.
Poorly planned
and Managed
Urban
Development
5. POORLY PLANNED AND MANAGED URBAN
DEVELOPMENT
 A new wave of urbanization is unfolding in hazard-exposed
countries and with it, new opportunities for resilient investment
emerge. People, poverty, and disaster risk are increasingly
concentrated in cities.
 The growing rate of urbanization and the increase in population
density (in cities) can lead to creation of risk, especially when
urbanization is rapid, poorly planned and occurring in a context
of widespread poverty. Growing concentrations of people and
economic activities in many cities are seen to overlap with
areas of high-risk exposure.
6.
Weak
Governance
6. WEAK GOVERNANCE
 weak governance zones are investment environments in which

public sector actors are unable or unwilling to assume their
roles and responsibilities in protecting rights, providing basic
services and public services.
 Disaster risk is disproportionately concentrated in lower-income
countries with weak governance (UNISDR, 2015a).
6. WEAK GOVERNANCE
 Disaster risk governance refers to the specific arrangements

that societies put in place to manage their disaster risk
(UNISDR, 2011a; UNDP, 2013a) within a broader context of risk
governance (Renn, 2008 in UNISDR, 2015a).
 This reflects how risk is valued against a backdrop of broader
social and economic concerns (Holley et al., 2011).
7.
Geographical
Location
7. GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION
 The Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries in the

world to natural disasters.
 The country's location makes it vulnerable to storms that cause
flooding, mudslides, and typhoons. Furthermore, the Philippines
is vulnerable to tsunamis due to the presence of offshore
trenches such as the Manila Trench. Regrettably, the list does
not stop there.
 The Philippines also sits above the Ring of Fire, a path that runs
through the Pacific Ocean basin.
 Certain factors are related to a survivor's background and
recovery is hampered if survivors: were not functioning well
before the disaster; have no experience dealing with disasters;
must deal with other stressors after the disaster; have low self-
esteem; feel uncared for by others; think they exercise little
control over what happens to them; and unable to manage
stress.
 More factors contributory to worse outcomes: death of
someone close; injury to self or family member; life threat;
panic, horror, or similar feelings; separation from family;
massive loss of property; and displacement.
THANK YOU!
QUIZ TIME!

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LESSON 2

Disaster can affect everyone. It does not discriminate

can increase disaster risk in a variety of ways - by altering the

This is in line with the official definition by the United Nations

changes to the environment can influence the frequency and

It is both a driver and consequence of disasters, reducing the

 Impoverished people are more likely to live in hazard- exposed

 Impoverished people are more likely to live in hazard- exposed

 The impact of disasters on the poor can, in addition to loss of

 weak governance zones are investment environments in which

 Disaster risk governance refers to the specific arrangements

 The Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries in the

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