Micro Perspective 1

Ethics in the Workplace

 Honesty – hospitality industry are honest and truthful. They do not
mislead or deceive others by misrepresentations.
 Integrity – hospitality industry demonstrate the courage of their
convictions by doing what they know is right even when there is
pressure to do.
 Trustworthiness – hospitality industry are trustworthy and candid in
supplying information and in correcting misapprehensions of fact.
 Loyalty – hospitality industry demonstrate loyalty to their companies in
devotion to duty and loyalty to colleagues by friendship in adversity.
They avoid conflicts of interest; do not use or disclose confidential
information; and should they accept other employment, they respect the
proprietary information of their former employer.
 Fairness – hospitality industry are fair and equitable in all dealings; they
neither arbitrarily abuse power nor take undue advantage of another’s
mistakes or difficulties.
Ethics in the Workplace
 Concern and respect for others – hospitality industry are concerned,
respectful, compassionate, and kind. They are sensitive to the personal
concerns of their colleagues and live the Golden Rule. They respect the
rights and interests of all those who have a stake in their decisions.
The Golden Rule
- treating others as one would want to be treated by them.
- do unto others as you would have them do unto you.
 Commitment to excellence – hospitality industry pursue excellence in
performing their duties and are willing to put more into their job than
they can get out of it.
Ethics in the Workplace
 Leadership – hospitality industry are conscious of the responsibility and
opportunities of their position of leadership. They realize that the best
way to instill ethical principles and ethical awareness in their
organizations is by example. They walk their talk!
 Reputation and Morale – hospitality industry seek to protect and build
the company’s reputation and the morale of its employees by engaging
in conduct that builds respect. They also take whatever actions are
necessary to correct or prevent inappropriate conduct of others.
 Accountability – hospitality industry are personally accountable for the
ethical quality of their decisions, as well as those of their subordinates.
Land
Transportation
Passenger Transportation
 One of the operating sectors of the Tourism Industry.

 It is the operating sectors that deliver the tourism experience and tend
to be viewed by the media, public, and visitors as the “tourism
industry”.

 It is the task of the operating sectors to develop and deliver tourism

services and experiences with a spirit of hospitality so they will be
enjoyable and truly memorable.
Problems in transportation
 Congestion – serious congestion affects most passengers transportation
modes, particularly on road and at airports during peak periods.
Congestion means delays that are a serious waste of time and energy.
 Safety and Security – ensuring safety and security in transportation is a
basic requirement for tourism. This was true before September 11,
2001, and is even more critical today.
 Environment – an increase in traffic may harm the environment if an
area does not have the carrying capacity for additional tourists.
Transportation planning must take economic, social, cultural, and
natural resources costs into account when expanded facilities are
designed.
 Seasonality – seasonal patterns of travel demand create overcrowding at
certain times. At peak travel periods, the problems of congestion,
security, and the environment become much more severe.
Main Highways in the Philippines
 The Pan-Philippine Highway – is also known as the Maharlika Highway or
the AH26 (Asian Highway 26). The Maharlika Highway is a 3,517
kilometres network of roads, bridges and ferry services that connect the
islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte and Mindanao in the Philippines, serving
as the country’s principal transport backbone.
 MacArthur Highway – is formerly known as the Manila North Road.
MacArthur Highway is a major highway in the northwestern Luzon in the
Philippines.
 Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA) – is a limited-access
circumferential freeway around Manila, it has been considered to be the
longest and the most congested highway in the Metropolis.
 The Circumferential Road (C-5 Road or C-5) – is a network of roads and
bridges that altogether forms the fifth beltway of the City of Manila. It is
currently considered to be the longest circumferential road in Metro
Manila.
Main Highways in the Philippines
 The Aguinaldo Highway (Cavite-Batangas Road and Manila West Road) – is a
6-lane, 41 kilometre highway and is considered to be the most congested of
the three major highways located in the province. Old Name of Aguinaldo
Highway Cavite Manila South Road and Cavite Batangas Road,
 Commonwealth Avenue (Abenida Komonwelt) – is formerly known as Don
Mariano Marcos Avenue, named after the father of former President
Ferdinand Marcos, Abenida Komonwelt is a 12.4 kilometre highway located
in Quezon City, Philippines which spans from 6 to 18 lanes and is the widest
in the Philippines.
 North Luzon Expressway NLEX - This 84-kilometer expressway connects
Metro Manila and the provinces of Central Luzon.
 South Luzon Expressway SLEX - In 1969, the South Luzon Expressway
(SLEX) or earlier known as the South Superhighway (Manila to Alabang) was
initially constructed. Expressway Route 2 or E2 and Radial Road 3 or R-3 of
Manila's arterial road network make up the current SLEX, which connects
Metro Manila to the CALABARZON area.
 Main Highways in the Philippines
 Metro Manila Skyway - To ease congestion on SLEX and other key routes,
the Metro Manila Skyway was built as the country's first entirely grade-
separated highway.
 Southern Tagalog Arterial Road or STAR Tollway - There are 42 kilometers
of two- to four-lane highway on the Southern Tagalog Arterial Road, also
called the STAR Tollway or the CALABARZON expressway.
 Manila Cavite Expressway or CAVITEX - At around 14 kilometers in
length, the Coastal Road or Manila–Cavite Expressway (CAVITEX) is an
open road. This highway runs from Bacoor to Kawit exit from its
beginning point at the traffic signal junction of NAIA Road and Roxas
Boulevard.
 Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway SCTEX - It is the longest highway in the
Philippines and was opened to traffic on July 2008. Located in the
Central Luzon area, it's a four-lane highway of 94 kilometers in length.
Main Highways in the Philippines
 NAIA Expressway (NAIAX) - In order to connect Metro Manila Skyway
with Diokno Avenue, Ninoy Aquino International Airport, and
Entertainment City, the 11.6-kilometer NAIA Expressway was
constructed.
 Subic Tipo Expressway - Known as STipEx and the Subic Freeport
Expressway, this road extends from Zambales to Bataan and is part of
the NLEX Segment 7 and Expressway 4 (E4) of the Philippines
expressways network.
 Muntinlupa-Cavite Expressway (MCX) - One of the shortest expressways
in the Philippines is the Muntinlupa-Cavite Expressways, or MCX for
short. The southern section of Cavite is linked to Muntinlupa City via a 4-
kilometer access-controlled toll highway.
 Tarlac-Pangasinan-La Union Expressway or TPLEX is a four-lane
expressway that spans about 88.85 kms before its recent 4 km
extension.
Notable Highways and Bridges in the Philippines
 Longest bridge : San Juanico Bridge
 Tallest bridge : Atugan Bridge
 Wildest bridge: Nagtahan Bridge
 Longest Highway : Pan-Philippine Highway and Philippine Nautical
Highway System
 Longest Viaduct : Candaba Viaduct
 Widest highway : Commonwealth Avenue, Quezon City
 Busiest Highway : Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA)
 Longest Expressway : Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway
 Highest Altitude Highway : Halsema Highway
The Rail Industry
 List of railways in the Philippines
a. Light Rail Transit (LRT – 1/Metrorail/Yellow Line) : LRT 1 is the first
metro line of the Manila Light Rail Transit System. Presently, the line
contains twenty stations and runs on 19.65 kilometres of fully elevated
route. It runs in a general north-south direction from Baclaran to
Monumento then it runs in east-west direction from Monumento to North
Avenue linking the cities of Quezon City, Caloocan, Manila, Pasay and
Parañaque.
b. Light Rail Transit (LRT – 2/Megatren/Purple Line) : LRT 2 is a rapid
transit line generally running in an east-west direction along the Radial
Road 6 and a portion of the Circumferential Road 1. it is actually a heavy
rail, rapid transit system owing to its use of electric multiple units instead
of the light rail vehicles used in earlier lines and is only line utilizing such
type of system in the Philippines.
The Rail Industry
c. Metro Rail Transit (MRT – 3/Metrostar/Blue Line) : MRT 3 is a rapid
transit system composed of a single line that runs along the north and
south lanes of Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA). The route is from
North Avenue, Quezon City to Taft Avenue, Pasay City.
d. Philippine Railways (PNR/PhilRail/Metro Tren) : PNR is a state-
owned railway company in the Philippines, operating a single line of track
in Luzon, from Tayuman to Sorsogon, from Tayuman to San Fernando,
Pampanga and from Tayuman to Batangas. As of 2016, PNR operates one
commuter rail service in Metro Manila and local services between Sipocot,
Naga City and Legazpi City in Bicol Region.
Other forms of Mass Transit

 Taxi
 Mini buses
 Tricycle
 Kuliglig
 Kalesa
 Pedicab/sidecar
 Jeepney – king of the road; mini bus found everywhere in the Philippines.
Air
Transportation
History of Aviation in the Philippines
 In 1952, the Philippine Government passed the Civil Aeronautics Act
(Republic Act 776).
 It gave the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) and the Air Transportation
Office (ATO) the authority to promote adequate, economical, and
efficient passenger airline service and those of other carriers at
reasonable charges and promote competition between passenger
airlines and other carriers to the extent necessary in order to ensure the
development of the Philippine air transportation system.
 CAB administers the economic regulation of the industry while ATO
supervises the technical aspect.
History of Aviation in the Philippines
 In 1973, one airline was granted a virtual monopoly in the aviation
industry in the country. Philippine Airlines, founded by a group of
businessmen led by Andres Soriano, was granted the monopoly causing
other airlines to closed down (e.g. Filipinas Orient Airlines and Air Manila
Inc.)
 In September of the same year, the Philippine government invest in PAL,
paving the way for the airline’s nationalization.
 PAL begins service to Cebu in September 2. It then became the first
Asian airline to cross the Pacific when it operated a chartered Douglas
DC-4 on the first of several flights to ferry home initially 40 US
servicemen.
 Philippine Airlines is the flag carrier of the Philippines, operating from its
base at Ninoy Aquino International Airport.
 PAL is the oldest airline in Asia operating under its original name, having
been founded in 1941.
Airline Transportation
 The world’s economy and the tourism industry need a healthy air
transportation system.
 Although the major advantage of air travel is speed, which results in
more time for other activities.
 Currently, the Philippine has several registered airline companies, but
they are mostly chartered. There are two main domestic airline groups
doing business, Philippine Airlines and Cebu Pacific, with Air Asia
Philippines competing on some international routes. The domestic
market is dominated by the Cebu Pacific group which has a 61% market
share, followed by the Philippine Airlines group which has 29%, followed
by Air Asia, having a 9% share.
Low-cost carrier (LCC)
 or low-cost airline – also known as a no-frills, discount, or budget airline.
 Is an airline that offers generally low fares by eliminating many traditional
passenger services.
 Some typical business practices of LCCs are:
a. one passenger class
b. one type of airplane to reduce fleet maintenance costs
c. using secondary airports
d. quick airport turnarounds
e. point-to-point service
f. unreserved seating
g. employees working in multiple roles
h. internet booking
i. no frills, just low rates
Air Transportation Organizations
 International Air Transport Association (IATA) – is the global organization
for virtually all the international air carriers.
- the principal function of IATA is to safely facilitate the movement
of persons and goods from any point on the world air network to any other
by any combination of routes.
- resolutions of IATA standardize not only tickets, but waybills,
baggage checks, and other similar documents. These resolutions
coordinate and unify handling and accounting procedures to permit rapid
interline bookings and connections.
- they also creates create and maintain a stable pattern of
international fares and rates.
- in effect, they permit the linking of many individual international
airline routes into a single public service system.
International Civil Aviation Organization
 The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) – a UN specialized
agency, is the global forum for civil aviation.

 The organization was established in 1944, ICAO works to achieve its

vision of safe, secure, and sustainable development of civil aviation
through cooperation of its member states.
Parts of an Airplane
Reference
 https://iep.utm.edu/goldrule/#:~:text=Observations%20and%20Traditio
n-,%E2%80%9CDo%20unto%20others%20as%20you%20would%20have
%20them%20do%20unto,helpful%20and%20proactive%20gold%20stan
dard
.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule
 https://www.crownasia.com.ph/lifestyle-blog/aguinaldo-highway-what-yo
u-should-know/#:~:text=Aguinaldo%20Highway%20is%20alternatively
%20regarded,the%20busiest%20towns%20and%20cities
.
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Avenue_(Quezon_City)
 https://www.lumina.com.ph/news-and-blogs/blogs/list-of-expressways-in-
the-philippines
/
 https://
www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-features/list-major-expressways-and-h
ighways-in-philippines
Reference
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juanico_Bridge
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabini_Bridge
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candaba_Viaduct
 https://www.projectlupad.com/atugan-bridge-in-bukidnon-one-of-the-hig
hest-in-ph
/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsema_Highway