STATISTICAL QUALITY

CONTROL
PRESENTED BY
BOKUGHA YEPTHO - 2106106502
ELIZA - 2106106503
KEKUSE NEIKHA - 2106106504
KETHOLENO KITSHU - 2106106505
LONGKHOI - 2106106506
 HISTORY

Statistical quality control techniques were first developed by W.A.

Shewart , who was working for the Bell Telephone Co. in the USA at
the time. Since World War II, these techniques have been
increasingly and advantageously used by a large number of
manufacturing concerns.
 INTRODUCTION
 Statistical process control (SPC) or statistical quality control (SQC) is
the application of statistical methods to monitor and control the quality
of a production process.
 This helps to ensure that the process operates efficiently, producing
more specification-conforming products with less waste scrap.
 SPC can be applied to any process where the "conforming product"
(product meeting specifications) output can be measured.
 Key tools used in SPC include run charts, control charts, a focus on
continuous improvement, and the design of experiments.
 TYPES
There are two types of statistical sampling which are commonly used
for the purpose of quality control in batches of work or materials:

1. The acceptance or rejection of a lot is based on the number of

defective (bad) or non-defective (good) items in the sample. This
is referred to as sampling by ‘attributes’.
2. Instead of using defective and non-defective classifications for an
item, a quantitative quality measure or the value of a measured
variable is used as a quality indicator. This testing procedure is
referred to as sampling by ‘variables’.
 METHOD OF QUALITY
CONTROL
Quality control methods are applicable at two distinct
phases of the operation of a plant.
(a) Control of the manufacturing process through the
statistical ‘control chart’.
(b) Inspection of articles by the ‘acceptance sampling
technique’.
 CONTROL CHART
 Statistical Charts used for controlling manufacturing processes is called Control
chart.
 Companies always strive to maintain the quality of the products and services
within the parameters specified in the chart.
 Tool to enable the managers whether the production processes are in proper order.
 Control chart is indispensable instrument for specification, production and
inspection.
 STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL BY
VARIABLES

Statistical quality control (SQC) by variables is a tool that can be used in

construction to monitor and improve the quality of materials and
workmanship:

Control charts; These charts monitor processes over time and are used to
determine if production is operating properly. They have two lines on the
graph that indicate the tolerance limits for quality variations. If data falls
outside these limits, the process is considered out of control and needs to be
improved.
Variables charts; These charts monitor measurable attributes, such as
height, weight, or diameter. Sampling methods. These methods can be
used to monitor the quality of construction materials, such as concrete
and steel. For example, engineers can regularly sample concrete batches
to analyze their compressive strength.

SQC can also be used in civil engineering to monitor and maintain

infrastructure, such as bridges, roads, and dams. For example, statistical
methods can be used to analyze vibration data from sensors installed on a
bridge to detect signs of structural fatigue or failure.
 Types of Control Charts
Control charts can be used to measure any characteristic of a
product, such as the weight of a cereal box, the number of
chocolates in a box, or the volume of bottled water. The different
characteristics that can be measured by control charts can be
divided into two groups: variables and attributes
 X-Chart
The x-bar chart is quality control chart used to monitor the mean and
variation of a process based on samples taken in a given time. The control
limits on both chats are used to monitor the mean and variation of the
process going forward. If a point is out of the control limits, it indicates
that the mean or variation of the process is out- of-control; assignable
causes may be suspected at this point. On the x-bar chart, the y-axis shows
the grand mean(X) and the control limits while the x-axis shows the
sample group.
Conclusion derived from the X - chart:

1. Controlled Variation; Controlled variation is characterized

by a stable and consistent pattern of variation over time, and
is associated with common causes. A process operating with
controlled variation has an outcome that is predictable within
the bounds of the control limits.

2. Uncontrolled Variation; Uncontrolled variation is

characterized by variation that changes over time and is
associated with special causes. The outcomes of this process
are unpredictable; a customer may be satisfied or unsatisfied
given this unpredictability
 R-CHART
R-charts are used to monitor the variation of a process based on samples
taken from the process at given times (hours, shifts, days, weeks,
months, etc.). The measurements of the samples at a given time
constitute a subgroup. Typically, an initial series of subgroups is used to
estimate the standard deviation of a process. The standard deviation is
then used to produce control limits for the range of each subgroup.
During this initial phase, the process should be in control. If points are
out-of-control during the initial (estimation) phase, the assignable cause
should be determined and the subgroup should be removed from
estimation. Determining the process capability (see R & R Study and
Capability Analysis procedures) may also be useful at this phase.
 P-CHART
A p-chart is an attributes control chart used with data collected in
subgroups of varying sizes. Because the subgroup size can vary, it
shows a proportion on nonconforming items rather than the actual
count. P-charts show how the process changes over time. The
process attribute (or characteristic) is always described in a yes/no,
pass/fail, go/no go form.
 Causes of variations in
quality characteristics
Variation in manufactured products is inevitable; it is a fact of
nature and industrial life. Even when a production process is
well designed or carefully maintained, no two products are
identical . The difference between any two products could be
very large, moderate, very small or even undetectable depending
on the sources of variation
1. Chance causes, and
2. Assignable causes.
 Chance Causes;
Chance causes are also known as random or natural or common causes. Even
in a well designed or carefully maintained production process, variability
exists in the product due to some natural/random causes.
Even if the process is operated under the same conditions, there is a specific
pattern of variability in the product. Such causes are known as chance causes
of variation.
These may arise due to, inflexibility of aged machines, variability in
purchased material, poor lighting, extent of worker training or other non
obvious reasons.
 Assignable Causes
Another kind of variability may be present occasionally in the output of a
process. The causes of such type of variability are not due to the process
design, but take place because of changes in raw material, machine,
operator, environment or any other component of the process.
Accidental improper setting of the machine, a worker falling ill and still
continuing to work change of operators or shift, breakages, misreading of
scales, batch of defective raw material, etc. is examples of assignable
causes.
The variability due to assignable causes is generally larger than the
variability due to chance causes and it usually represents an unacceptable
level of process performance.
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