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    Shravhypo

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    pratikzombad28

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    Shravhypo

    Uploaded by

    pratikzombad28
    3 views10 pages

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    shravhypo

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    3 views10 pages

    Shravhypo

    Uploaded by

    pratikzombad28

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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    CONCEPT OF HYPOTHESIS

    1
    HYPOTHESIS
    Meaning And Definition :
    The English word hypothesis comes from the ancient
    Greek word ὑπόθεσις hypothesis whose literal or
    etymological sense is "putting or placing under" and
    hence in extended use has many other meanings
    including "supposition".
    A hypothesis is an assumption, an idea that is
    proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be
    tested to see if it might be true.

    2
    Hypothesis Testing
     Is An Assumption or an Idea
     A statistical Hypothesis is an claim (assertion,
    statement or assumption) about an unknown
    population parameter value.

    • For example : A judge assumed that a person charged with a crime is


    innocent and subject this assumption hypothesis to a verification by
    reviewing the evidence and hearing testimony before reaching to a
    verdict.

    3
    Hypothesis Testing
    • a hypothesis is a statement to be tested about the true value of p
    parameter using sample statistics.
    • to test the validity of the claim or assumption about the populatio
    parameter,
    ○ a sample is drawn from the population and analysed.
    • The results of the analysis are used to decide whether
    the claim is true or not.

    4
    Hypothesis Testing (cont.)
     Hypothesis Steps
     Null Hypothesis (H0) and Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
     • Null hypothesis: The hypothesis which is initially assumed to be true,
    although it may in fact be either true based on the sample data ence'
    between or false
     • 'zero' implies 'no sample statistic and the parameter value. lesting
    requires that
     hypothesis testing requires that the null hypothesis be considered true
    (status quo or no difference) until it is proved false on the basis of
    results observed from the sample data.
     • H0 : μ (≤, =, ≥) μ0

    5
    Hypothesis Testing (cont.)
    • Alternative hypothesis: The hypothesis concluded
    to be true if the null hypothesis is rejected.
    nce
    • In other words, the alternative hypothesis states
    that specific population parameter value is not
    equal to the value stated in the null hypothesis
    • written as: ○ H1: μ≠ μ0 ο

    6
    Errors in Hypothesis Tests
    (cont.)
    Because the hypothesis test relies on sample data,
    and because sample data are not completely reliable,
    there is always the risk that misleading data will cause
    the hypothesis test to reach a wrong conclusion.
    Two types of error are possible.

    7
    Type I Errors
    A Type I error occurs when the sample data appear to show a
    treatment effect when, in fact, there is none.
     In this case the researcher will reject the null hypothesis and
    falsely conclude that the treatment has an effect.
    Type I errors are caused by unusual, unrepresentative
    samples. Just by chance the researcher selects an extreme
    sample with the result that the sample falls in the critical
    region even though the treatment has no effect.
    The hypothesis test is structured so that Type I errors are very
    unlikely; specifically, the probability of a Type I error is equal
    to the alpha level.

    8
    Type II Errors
    A Type II error occurs when the sample does not
    appear to have been affected by the treatment when,
    in fact, the treatment does have an effect.
    In this case, the researcher will fail to reject the null
    hypothesis and falsely conclude that the treatment
    does not have an effect.
    Type II errors are commonly the result of a very small
    treatment effect. Although the treatment does have
    an effect, it is not large enough to show up in the
    research study.

    9
    10

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