ENERGY

What is energy?

What is the SI units of energy?

Name five (5) forms of energy?

 Sources of energy.
The different sources of energy are
classified under
• Renewable
• Non renewable
depending o the availability.
 What is renewable source of
energy?
A renewable energy source is an energy
source that is either unlimited in supply
or replenishable once it is exhausted.
Unlimited sources are those that are
always available. An example is the sun.
Replenishable sources are those that can
be used completely but can be produced
within a short time. A renewable source
can produce renewable energy.
Renewable Sources
Energy
Solar energy Sunlight
Geothermal Energy Geysers
Bioenergy Wind and Tides
Biomass energy Plants and animal
Wind energy Wind
Hydro energy water
Wind power, tidal power and
hydropower all produce by mechanical
energy which is directly used to
generate energy.
Solar energy, wind power, geothermal
and tidal power are inexhaustible
because they are unlimited in supply
whereas water and wood can be
Water bodies such as Lakes , rivers (Volta /
Bui) which provides hydroelectricity in
Ghana, occasionally reduces below the
required level but the fill up when the rain
falls again.
Bioenergy is released as heat and light wh
plant and animal products (wood, leaves,
Stalk, and cow dung) are burn. It is also
obtained from processed biomass in the
form of bio-fuel such as biogas biodiesel
and gasohol.
In Ghana (Jatropha) is used to produce
biodiesel.
Biodiesel is produced from the seeds.
The plant is easily propagated from the
stem.
 Non-renewable sources of
energy.
A non-renewable source of energy in an
energy source that is exhaustible or
limited in supply. The inexhaustible one
are used at a rate that far exceeds the
rate at which they are produced. An
example is fossil fuel. Those limited in
supply can be used completely.
 How to produce biogas from
biomass.
Biogas is the gas produce when organic
waste, including human excreta,
ferment it consist mainly methane
(CH4) and carbon dioxide CO2 .
 Production of Biogas
• Assemble the biogas production unit.
 CHALLENGES
ASSOCIATED
WITH MANAGING
RENEWABLE
ENERGY
 Source of Challenges
Renewable Energy
• Available in some
parts of the world
especially In the
tropics.
Sunlight • Available only during
the day.
• Availability and
intensity depends on
weather conditions.
 Source of Challenges
Renewable Energy
• Unpredictable
because dam level
depends on rainfall
which is seasonal.
Hydro • Hydrodams overflow
and then spill over
nearby lowlands
causing losses to
soil and vegetation.
 Source of Challenges
Renewable Energy
• Extremely high cost
establishing power
Tidal plants.
• Areas with strong
tidal velocity (speed)
are rare.
 Source of Challenges
Renewable Energy
• Unpredictable
because wind
production depends
on sunlight.
Wind • Wind turbines kill a
lot of aerial species
particularly birds.
• Turbines make a lot
of noise.
 Source of Challenges
Renewable Energy
• Biomass production
depends on
availability of
favourable weather
Biomass condition which
cannot be always be
guaranteed.
 Ways of
managing renewable
energy sources
sustainability.
Development of on-site plants to use the
energy sources. For example house
holds should install solar panels and
solar thermal collectors on their rooftop
to capture sunlight to power homes.
(heat / light to our homes)
Development of technologies to allow
house holds to feed excess electric
power directly to the national grid. That
is house holds should be allowed to
transmit any electrical energy generated
more than the family can use. The
national power providers may pay back
the house hold directly in cash or in
kind.
Development of efficient energy storage
systems. Energy storage systems are
devices used to store the energy
produced from renewable sources
whenever the sources are available. For
example solar energy is only available
during the day. So an efficient storage
system allows harness the energy
during he day and store for use at night
or other times and places.
Combination of energy source or
development of hybrid power plants.
A hybrid power plant is a power plant that
combines two or more sources of renewable
energy to generate power. For example a
pumped storage hydropower plant may use
solar energy during the day to pump water
from lower elevation to the higher elevation.
At night the elevated water at the pumped
storage is released to run the turbines to
generate hydroelectricity.
Creating large windows and doors and
installing them directly opposite each other
to allow sunlight and wind to power our
homes directly. The large windows allow
sufficient light to enter the room to
illuminate them and enough heat to warm
them.
EXERCISE
1.The water behind a dame of a
hydropower plant has
A.Electrical energy B. Potential
energy
C.Kinetic energy D. Chemical
energy

2.Which of the following processes

involves converting kinetic energy into
heat energy?
3. The device used to measure
temperature is
A.Thermometer B.
Barometer
C.Hydrometer D.
Hygrometer

4.Which of the following processes

converts light energy into chemical
energy?
5.Which of these everyday activities
conserve energy?
i. Bathing with ordinary water
ii.Bathing with hot water
iii.Drying clothes in washing machine
iv.Drying clothes under the sun.
A.I and II only B. III and
IV
C.II and III only D. I and IV
only
6.Which of these temperature shows that
the person is most likely ill?
A. 35.2oC B. 36.6oC C. 37.1oC
D. 37.3 C
o

Section B
1. What is heat?
2. Tabulate three differences between heat
and temperature.
3. Give four ways humans use heat.
ELECTRICITY
/ELECTRONICS
 Electricity
Electricity is the flow of electrical power
or charge. Electricity is both a basic part
of nature and one of the most widely
used forms of energy.
 Transmission Of Electricity
Introduction
At public gatherings in open places, you
might see an engine generator (usually
called a Genset) temporarily installed at
some distance away from the congregation
ground. You will also see a long cable
unwound from the coil and then
connected from the power source (Genset)
Public address system. Therefore, wires
transmit electricity from the power source
to the user.

Ghana generate its electrical power from

different power plant. Namely
• Hydro
• Thermal
• Solar
 Thermal Power Plant
A thermal power plant convert heat
energy into mechanical energy and finally
into electricity. All thermal plants in Ghana
generates their heat energy by burning
fossil fuel such as a natural Gas, LPG and
 Hydropower
A hydropower plant converts the
mechanical energy of moving water into
electricity. Ghana generate a greater
percentage of electric power from
hydroelectricity.
 Solar Power
A solar power plant converts sunlight into
direct current (DC) electricity. The power
stations (usually called the solar farm)
consist of an array of solar panel and
power inverter, The inverter converts the
Direct Current (DC) into Alternate current.
Sources of Ghana’s
Electrical Power.
Type of power Names of power
plant plant
 Akosombo
Hydropower
Hydropower plant station.
 Bui Hydroelectric
Power Station
 Kpong
Hydroelectric
power station
 BXC Solar P S
 Type of power Names of power
plant plant
Conventional power  Takoradi Thermal
plant PS
 Tema Thermal PS
 Kpone Thermal PS
These power plants are located
 Asogli at PS
Thermal
different parts of Ghana, with a large
number being in the Greater, Eastern
and Central region.
 Stages Of
Electricity
Transmission
And
Distribution.
Components of the power Grid.
The power grid is a network of
• cables,
• transformers,
• power substations,
• utility poles and
• wires that transport electricity from power
stations to users at home and work places.
The grid comprises the transmission and
distribution network.
 Other Differences
•Copper is a better conductor of electricity
than aluminum.
•Copper is more expensive than aluminum.
•Aluminum is more lightweight than copper.
•Aluminum is more corrosion-resistant than
copper.
•Copper has a higher melting point than
aluminum.
•Aluminum is more electrically resistant than
 Towers carry
overhead
electric
Transmission Made of cables.
pylons stainless steel The towers
and the
cables form
the high
tension power
lines.
 Transformers, They receive ,
incoming and store and
Power outgoing transmit
substations transmission electric power
lines and at high
offices. voltage
Component Types of Function
composition
Step – up
transformer
increases the
• Step up voltage while
transformer decreasing
Transformer • Step down the current.
transformer Step – down
transformers
decrease the
 Made from
Aluminium
( Aluminium Electric cables
are lighter transmit
• Cables and electric power
cheaperthan at high
other voltages.
conductors
such as
copper and
silver)
 These poles Utility poles
are wood or transmit
metallic. power at
Wooden poles lower voltage
are usually in cables or
Utility poles teak. Metal wires from
poles are step-down
made from transformers
aluminium or to our homes
stainless steel and
workplaces.
 These insulated They transmit
wires are usually low-voltage
made from copper power (240 v)
and other metals. to our homes
Lately VRA requires and
all users to use workplaces.
• Wires cable metal whose They also
copper content is transmit
higher than that of power to
ordinary cables. various socket
and
The power station is located some distance
away from where electricity is used. There
fore, the generated electricity must be
transmitted from the power station to the
users. The electricity generated is usually
Alternating current (AC) but also as Direct
current (DC) DC is generated from solar
panel plant. It is easier and cheaper to
transmit AC over longer distances by
converting the generated current into high
low current. So, electricity generated as DC
is converted by power inverters into AC at
the power stations before it is transmitted.
The transmission is done by using cables and
transformers that allow the voltage and
current to be altered when required. The
generated AC is converted into high voltage
and low current and the transported at high
voltage. The transformers at the power
stations step up the voltage and feed the
into transmission lines (transmission towers
carrying overhead aluminium cables).
The high tension lines carry high voltages to
power substations. You can easily hear the
noises of the high voltage from overhead
cables. The transformers at the power sub
stations step down the incoming voltage and
steps down the voltage into the transmission
lines. The distribution lines carry the electric
power through a series of transformers which
steps down the voltage to levels required for
various users.
Example
A transformer that delivers voltage to our
homes steps it down to 240V. However a
transformer delivering voltage to a heavy
industry steps it down to a voltage much
higher than the house holds level.
Power plant Step Up Pylons Step down Utility Homes
Transformer Transformer poles
Summary of the
stages of
electrical power
transmission
and distribution.
1.The electric generator of a plant transmits
the low-voltage electricity into a step up
transformer.
2.The transformer step up the voltage and
feed the high voltage into the transmission
lines (transmission lines carrying over head
aluminium) – Pylons
3.The transmission lines carry electricity
over long distances and feed it into power
substations in our neighbourhood.
The transformers step down the voltage and
feed the electricity into distribution lines.

4.The distribution lines carry the electricity

to poles mounted transformers which
finally step down the voltage and then
deliver the electricity to houses and work
places.
Home work
1. What is electricity transmission?
ii. Outline the major stages in electricity
transmission.
iii. State the function of the following
component in the power grid.
Transformer
Transmission tower
Mains cable
2. Give three reasons why aluminium is used
to make over head electric cables.

ii. Name two other metals used to make

wires.
DC and AC
Circuits
 DC
Direct Current
DC is electricity that flow in one
direction (From the positive terminal of
the power source to the negative
terminal)
DC is produced from batteries, solar
panels and dynamos.
 AC
Alternating Current
Alternating current flows in both forward
and reverse direction. It is produced
from hydro, thermal, and tidal plat. That
is, the main power cable in our homes,
schools and other work places deliver
AC electricity.
Some electric appliances operate on DC
(eg. Laptop) but others operates only AC
(electric fan / Iron) To connect a DC –
electricity using appliances such as a
laptop to an AC source, we first plug in
an adapter into the power socket.
Fortunately laptop chargers has a built
in adapter.
The adapter rectifies (changes) the AC
DC. The changing of AC to DC heat and
this heat production explains why your
computers adapter becomes very hot
when it is plugged in for sometime.

Similarly, to connect an Ac electricity

using an appliance to DC source, we
first plug a power inverter into the
power socket.
 BASIC
ELECTRONICS
 INTRODUCTION
It is a branch of science and technology
that deals with the behavior and
movement of electron in a
semiconductor.
Some of these components have the
ability to control the flow of electrons.
Electronics use the flow of electrons to
 Components in an electronic
circuits.
A circuit is a complete path through
which current flows. An electronic cct has
many components or parts. These
components combines to make the cct
work.
Components
• Switch Light Emitting Diode
(LED)
 COMPONENTS
The battery
It is the source of electrical energy.
Switch
It is a device that is use to electric
current.
P-N Junction
It is a diode in an electronic device
which allows current to flow In one
 P-N Junction
A P-N junction is made from a semi
conductor. A semiconductor is material
whose ability to conduct electricity lies
between that of conductor and an
insulator.
Examples of semiconductors
Silicon
Germanium Boron
 Types of semiconductors
P-type
N-type
N-type
An N-type semiconductor is a specially
prepared semiconductor having excess
electrons. The N stands for Negative
type semiconductor.
 P-TYPE
The P-type has fewer electrons. It has a
net positive(P) charges.

P-N Junction
The boundary formed when the N-type
semiconductor is welded to the P-type
semiconductor is called the P-N Junction.
 P-N Junction
P-type N-type
Semiconductor Semiconductor

P-N Junction

P-N Junction Symbol

 FORWARD BIAS
Forward bias occurs when the P-type block is
connected to the positive terminal of the
battery and the N-type is connected to the
negative terminal as shown the diagram
below
P N
 REVERSE BIAS
Reverse bias occurs when the N-type block is
connected to the positive terminal of the
battery and the P-type is connected to the
negative terminal as shown the diagram
below
P N
 CAPACITOR
A device used to store an electric
charge, consisting of one or more pairs
of conductors separated by an insulator.
 Light-emitting diode
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semi-
conductor device that emits light when current
flows through it. Electrons in the
semiconductor
Simple Electronic Circuit
CLASS
TEST
1. Identify the Electrical component
below

I II

III
Components Name
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
vii
3. What is electricity transmission?
ii. Outline the major stages in
electricity transmission.
iii. State the function of the following
component in the power grid.
• Transformer
• Transmission tower
• Mains cable
4. a. What is a capacitor?
b.Give three reasons why aluminium is
used to make over electrical cables.
c.Name two other metals used to make
wires.