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Applied Chemistry CH-112 Chapter # 2

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218 views18 pages

Applied Chemistry CH-112 Chapter # 2

Uploaded by

abduljaleelgan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Applied Chemistry CH-112

Common with:
• Mechanical
• Mechatronics
• Civil
• Advanced Construction
Chapter 2

Atomic Structure
What is Atom?
The smallest particle of an element that may or may not exist
alone and take part in a chemical reaction.
The idea of atom was given by John Dalton in 1808
Architecture of atom
Extra-nuclear part Nuclear part
This part of atom is located This part of atom is located in
outside the nucleus the nucleus of an atom.
Nucleus is the central part of
an atom
It consist of only electrons It consist of protons and
revolving in fixed paths called neutrons
shells or orbits
Architecture of atom
Description Nuclear part Extra-Nuclear part
Proton Neutron Electron
Discoverer Goldstein in 1886 Chadwick in 1932 J.J Thomson in 1897
Charge Positive No charge Negative
Charge value +1.6022 x 10-19 C 0 -1.6022 x 10-19 C
Symbol p n e-
Mass 1.6726 x 10-27 kg 1.67492 x 10-27 kg 9.11 x 10-31 kg
Isotopes and Isobars
Isotopes Isobars
Atoms of the same element having Atoms of the different element
same atomic number but different having same mass number but
atomic mass different atomic number
It is the characteristic of one It is the characteristic of different
element element
Most isotopes are unstable All isobars are stable
For example hydrogen has three For example calcium and argon are
isotpes 1H1, 1H2, 1H3 and chlorine has isobars with mass number of 40 and
two isotopes 17Cl35, 17Cl37 6C14
, and 7N14
are isobars
Atomic number and Mass number
Atomic number Mass number
The number of protons present in The sum of number of protons and
the nucleus of an atom neutrons present in the nucleus of
an atom
It is also known as proton number It is also known as atomic mass
It is represented by “Z” It is represented by “A”
It has no unit Its unit is a.m.u.
For example atomic number of For example atomic mass of
carbon is 6 carbon is 12
Shells and Sub-shells
Shells Sub-Shells
The three-dimensional region within which Each energy level is sub-divided into sub-
there is higher probability that an electron energy level known as sub-shell or orbital
having a certain energy will be found, is
called an orbit or shell.
The energy of electron in an atomic orbital the order of increasing energy for different
is always the same. subshells is s < p < d < f
The letters K, L, M, N, O, P and Q are used These sublevels are also symbolized by
to designate the energy levels or shells of letters s, p, d, f
electrons with a n value of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
respectively

Principal quantum number n = 1 2 3 4


Letter designation K L M N

Maximum number of electrons (2n2 = ) 2 8 18 32


Periodic Classification and Periodic law
The process of arranging similar elements in one group and separating
them from dissimilar elements is called “periodic classification” and
the table thus formed is called “periodic table”
Periodic Law:
Mendeleev’s periodic law Modern periodic law
Proposed my Mendeleev’s in Proposed by Mosely in 1913
1869
Concluded that physical and Concluded that physical and
chemical properties of the chemical properties of the
elements are the periodic function elements are the periodic function
of their atomic masses of their atomic numbers
Continue..
Elements are primarily divided as metals or non-metals

Malleability, conductivity, ductility, luster and hardness are the


primary properties of metals

Non- metals are usually less hard, non-conductor and mostly in


gaseous form

Dalton’s atomic theory was the basic of classification of elements


Blocks of Periodic Table
Based upon the valence sub-shells of the elements the
periodic table can be classified into four different blocks

S-block: Group I-A and II-A

P-block: Group III-A to VIII-A

D-block: Group III-B to VIII-B

F-block: Lanthanide and actinide series


Periodic Table
Groups and Periods
Groups Periods
The vertical columns of periodic table are called The horizontal rows present in the periodic
groups table are called periods
There are eight groups present in periodic table There are seven periods in periodic table
All the elements of a same group have same The valency of the elements changes in a period
valency
Atomic size increases when we move from top Atomic size decreases when we move from left
to bottom in a group to right in a period
Metallic character increases down the group Metallic character first increases then decreases
in a period
The value of ionization energy, electron affinity, The value of ionization energy, electron affinity,
electronegativity decreases down the group electronegativity increases across the period
A group has different number of orbits A period has same number of orbits
Electronic configuration
The arrangement of electrons in various sub shells is called electronic
configuration
The filling of electrons in the sub shells is according to some rules
The electrons are filled in sub shells according to their increasing energy
The order in which the electrons will enter into the sub shells is
1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f,…..
Electronic configuration
Energy level of orbitals
 The quantum number tell us the shapes, orientations and energies of
the atomic orbital
 The energy level of sub shell is given as
S<p<d<f
 The sub shell with lowest energy will be filled first
 It may be noted that the energy of 4s is less then 3d orbital, so 4s
orbital was filled first and then 3d orbital was filled
Energy level of orbitals
Shapes of orbitals

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