Group 13queen of Angels Neuman

THEORETICAL
FOUNDATION
S IN NURSING
BSN 1 - Queen of Angels
Group 13 Speakers:
Cabarrubias, Ruth
Cuartel, Dwayne Kelly N.
Ocasla, Ladynelle D.
BETTY NEUMAN
Systems Model Theory
TABLE OF CONTENTS
• Betty Neuman's Biography • Strengths of the Theory
• Neuman's Educational • Weaknesses of the Theory

Background
• Neuman's Works/Written • Impact of the Theory in Nursing
Books
• Nursing Metaparadigms of the • Status of the Theory
Theory
• Neuman's Systems Model • Contributions of the Theory
Theory
• Main Points of the Theory • Analysis of the Future of the
Theory
BIOGRAPHY
OF
BETTY
NEUMAN
“Health is a condition in which all parts and

subparts are in harmony with the whole of the
client”
EARLY LIFE
 BETTY NEUMAN (1924-2012)  Her father was a farmer
 Born: September 11, 1924, who became sick and
(Lowell, Ohio) died at the age of 36.
 Died: May 28, 2022, (Seattle,
 Her mother was a self-
Washington)
educated midwife
 She grew up on a farm which
later encouraged her to help  She had one older
people who are in need. brother and a younger
brother.
EDUCATIONAL
BACKGROUND
 During World War II, she had her first job as an aircraft instrument
technician.
 In 1947, she received her RN Diploma from Peoples Hospital School
of Nursing, Akron, Ohio.
 She earned her baccalaureate degree in Nursing with dual major in
mental health and public health from the University of California, Los
Angeles (UCLA) in 1957.
 Master’s degree in Nursing, also from UCLA, in 1966.
 In 1985, she earned a PhD in clinical psychology from Pacific Western
NEUMAN'S WORKS/
WRITTEN BOOKS
 The Neuman Systems Model (1982)
 Blueprint for Use of Nursing Models: Education,
Research, Practice, and Administration (1996)
NURSING
METAPARADIGMS
 Person:
 Neuman regarded that the concept of a person as an
individual, family, community or the society She sees a
person as an open system that works together with
other parts of its body as it interacts with the
environment. An open system is characterized by the
presence of an exchange of information and reaction
with other factors surrounding a person.
NURSING
METAPARADIGMS
 Environment:
 The environment can be an internal, external and created force that
interacts with a person's state of health it can alter or improve the
systems in which a person exists. These forces are what Newman
termed as the stressors. The resources are extensions that produce
alterations in the normal flow of the environment. These stressors can
be:
• Intrapersonal - which occurs within the self and comprises of man as a
psychospiritual being and;
• Interpersonal - occurs between one or more individual consists of man as a
social being
NURSING
METAPARADIGMS
 Health:
 Neuman considers health as dynamic in nature. A
person's health depends on upon which state of health
continuum they are in line with, the person may be in
line with the state of Wellness or illness. The state of
Wellness exists when all the part or system of a person
works harmoniously. This harmonious system reflects
illness as a result of unmet needs of a person.
NURSING
METAPARADIGMS
 Nursing:
 Neuman believes that nursing requires a holistic
approach, an approach that considers all factors
affecting a client's health. The model sets a structure
that depicts the part and sub parts of a client as a
complete system. This concept provides the nurse to
consider that our clients physical, psychological,
physiological, mental, social, cultural developmental
and spiritual well being is dynamic.
NURSING THEORY
 SYSTEMS MODEL IN NURSING PRACTICE
 The Neuman system model is based on stress and the
client’s reaction to the stressor. In this model the client
is the individual, group, family, or community.
 The system is composed of five concepts that interact
with one another: physiological, psychological,
sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual.
MAIN POINTS OF THEORY
 Betty Neuman's Systems Model provides a
comprehensive holistic and system-based approach to
nursing that contains an element of flexibility.
 The theory focuses on the response of the patient
system to actual or potential environmental stressors
and the use of primary, secondary, and tertiary nursing
prevention intervention for retention, attainment, and
maintenance of patient system wellness.
MAIN POINTS OF THEORY
 The role of nursing is to stabilize the patient or situation. When you apply
the Neuman system model, you assess the stressor and the patient’s
response to the stressor, identify nursing diagnoses, plan patient-centered
care, implement interventions, evaluate the patient’s response, and
determine if the stressor is resolved.
 Her theory incorporated the concept of a whole person and an open
system approach
 The concept is aimed towards the development of a person in a state of
wellness having the capacity to function optimally.
 The main role of the nurse in her theory is to help a person to adapt with
environment stimuli causing illness back to a state of wellness.
SYSTEMS MODEL
I. CLIENT SYSTEM
o Each layer, or concentric circle, of the Neuman model is made up five person
variables. Ideally, each of the person variables should be considered simultaneously
and comprehensively.
1. Physiological – refers of the physicochemical structure and function of the body.
2. Psychological – refers to mental processes and emotions.
3. Sociocultural – refers to relationships; and social/cultural expectations and
activities.
4. Developmental – refers to those processes related to development over the lifespan.
5. Spiritual – refers to the influence of spiritual beliefs.
SYSTEMS MODEL
BASIC STRUCTURE
o Referred to as the central core which is made up of the basic
survival factors common to human beings. These factors include
the system variables, genetic features and strengths and
weaknesses of the system parts.
LINES OF RESISTANCE
o Act when the Normal Line of Defense is invaded by too much
stressor producing alterations in the client’s health.
SYSTEMS MODEL
NORMAL LINE OF DEFENSE
o To achieve stability of the system, the Normal Line of Defense must
act in coordination with the normal wellness state. It must reflect the
actual range of responses that is normally acted by the client in
response to any stressor. It is the baseline in determining the level of
client within the continuous health.
FLEXIBLE LINE OF DEFENSE

o It serves as a boundary for the Normal Line of Defense to adjust to
situations that threaten the imbalance within the client’s stability.
SYSTEMS MODEL
HEALTH
o According to Neuman, it is a continuum of wellness to illness that is dynamic in
nature Optimal wellness can only exist when the needs of the total system are
completely met.
Wellness
o This exists when all system subparts interact in harmony with the whole system
and all system needs are being met.
Illness
o Illness occurs at the opposite end of the continuum from wellness and represents
a state of instability and energy depletion.
SYSTEMS MODEL
STRESSORS
o are forces that produce tensions, alterations or potential problems causing instability
within the client's system. The importance of identifying the stressors helps nurses to
appropriately use actions to address and help solve the produced problem.
These stressors may come from:
o Intrapersonal forces which occurs within the client's system and correlate with the
internal environment, such as conditioned responses
o Interpersonal forces occur between one or more individuals, such as role
expectations
o Extrapersonal forces occur outside the individual, such as social policy or financial
circumstances
SYSTEMS MODEL
DEGREE OF REACTION
o These are the outcomes or produced results of certain stressors
and actions of the lines resistance of a client.
o It can be positive or negative. Neuman specified these reaction
negentropy or entropy.
 Negentrophy is set towards stability or wellness.
 Entropy is set towards disorganization of the system producing
illness.
SYSTEMS MODEL
PREVENTION AS INTERVENTION
o Primary prevention focuses on foreseeing the result of an act or situation
and preventing its unnecessary effects as possible. It also aims to strengthen
the capacity of a person to maintain an optimum level of functioning while
being interactive with the environment, like health promotion and disease
prevention.
o Secondary prevention focuses on helping alleviate the actual existing effects
of an action that altered that balance of health of a person. It aims to reduce
the environmental influences that lead to the decline of the level of functioning
of a person and strengthening or restoring a person's resistance after the illness
exposure, early detection of disease and prompt treatment for example.
SYSTEMS MODEL
o Tertiary prevention focuses on actual treatments or adjustments to
facilitate the strengthening of person after being exposed to certain
disease or illness. It aims to prevent the regression or reoccurrence of
the illness in the manner of rehabilitation, as in the case of disability
avoidance and physical therapy.
RECONSTITUTION
o Reconstitution is the adjustment state from the degree of reaction. It is a
state of going back to the actual state of health before the illness
occurred
SYSTEMS MODEL
STRENGTHS OF THE THEORY
o The Neuman Systems Model's major strength is its flexibility for use in all
areas of nursing administration, education, and practice
o Neuman has presented a view of the client equally applicable to an
individual, a family, a group, a community, or any other aggregate.
WEAKNESS OF THE THEORY
o The major weakness of the model is the need for further clarification of the
terms used.
o Interpersonal and extrapersonal stressors need to be more clearly
differentiated.
SYSTEMS MODEL
IMPACT OF THEORY IN NURSING
o Neuman system model provide a framework for the nurses to provide a
holistic care to the patients.
o Help nurses understand and relate more easily to the broader concepts of
nursing skills to practical day-to-day nursing experience.
STATUS OF THEORY TODAY
o Neuman's System Model is among the most important and most widely
used today to produce positive client outcomes. It is a universal model
that provides guidelines for various spheres of nursing including
administration and practicing nurses.
SYSTEMS MODEL
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THEORY THROUGHOUT ITS HISTORY
o The primary contribution of the Neuman Systems Model has been pragmatic, in that it is an
exceptionally useful guide for practice and education in various settings in several
countries.
o The Neuman Systems Model fits well with the wholistic concept of optimizing a dynamic yet
stable interrelationship of spirit, mind, and body of the client in a constantly changing
environment and society.
o The Neuman Systems Model has fulfilled the World Health organization mandate for the
year [2010] and reaches far beyond, seeking unity in wellness states-wellness of spirit,
mind, body, and environment.
o The Neuman Systems Model also is in accord with the views of the American Nursing
Association, sharing its concern about potential stressors and its emphasis on primary
prevention, as well as world health care reform concern for preventing illness.
SYSTEMS MODEL
ANALYSIS OF THE FUTURE OF THE THEORY
o Neuman’s model, which views patients as complex systems constantly
interacting with internal and external stressors, is flexible and adaptable to
changes in healthcare. This adaptability is key in a healthcare environment
that is increasingly focused on holistic, patient-centered care. The model's
focus on prevention, resilience, and strengthening patient defense systems
aligns well with modern healthcare trends, such as preventative care and
personalized medicine. As nursing continues to evolve, the Neuman
Systems Model offers a structured yet adaptable approach that can meet
the needs of future healthcare challenges, making it likely to remain a
valuable tool for nurses and healthcare professionals.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!!!

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THEORETICAL

• Neuman's Educational • Weaknesses of the Theory

“Health is a condition in which all parts and

FLEXIBLE LINE OF DEFENSE

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