Collision Theory and Chemical Reaction Rate

COLLISION
THEORY AND
CHEMICAL
REACTION
RATE
After going through this
lessons, you are expected to:
1. define collision theory and
describe how it affects the
chemical reaction; and
2. explain the different
factors affecting the rate of
reaction.
COLLISION THEORY
 Chemical reactions have been a part of this world
ever since everything began. From Big bang to
the present day, everything happening around us
has something to do with chemical reactions and
chemical processes. Chemical reactions are
common in our daily lives: from cooking, eating,
cleaning to the different chemical processes like
respiration, corrosion and fermentation. How our
body lives and grows are results of many chemical
reactions that takes place, although you may not
recognize them. This is the reason we need to
understand how chemical processes takes place,
be it naturally occurring or not.
THE COLLISION
All substances are comprised of
millions of tiny particles in constant
motion. These particles are colliding
with each other constantly in any
substance. All collisions between
particles do not result in a reaction.
There are two factors that determine
whether a reaction will occur between
two particles that are colliding:
1. Substances or particles of
reactants must physically
collide with enough energy
2. Substance or particles
must come into contact or
collide in the correct
orientation (facing the
correct way).
The collision theory states that reacting
substances must come into contact
(collide) with enough activation energy,
and in the correct orientation (facing
the correct way), so that their electron
shells can rearrange to form the
products of the reaction. Therefore, any
factor which changes the frequency or
energy of the collisions will change the
rate of the reaction.
TRY TO ANALYZE THE ILLUSTRATIONS
GIVEN BELOW:
As shown in figure 1, two
atoms of Nitrogen react with
two atoms of Oxygen to yield
two molecules of Nitrogen
Oxide. The shared atoms form
a bond by completing the
valence shells of both atoms.
As shown in figure 2, a
chemical reaction does not
take place if the collision
between molecules does
not have sufficient energy
to break the bonds in the
reactants and if the
molecules are not properly
aligned.
As shown in figures 3 and 4, no
reaction can take place
between two particles if they
are far apart. To form new
bonds, atoms must come in
contact with each other and
have correct relative
orientations so that the correct
bonds are broken, atoms
transfer to the correct positions
WHAT IS A CHEMICAL REACTION
When two particles collide, sometimes
a chemical reaction can occur, which
means the bonds between two or more
particles are broken and reformed,
creating one or more new substances.
The substances or particles that enter
and is changed in the chemical
reaction are called reactants and the
substances that are formed are called
products.
LET US LOOK AT THE CHEMICAL
REACTION IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
The reactants (left part of the
equation) are carbon dioxide,
water, and light while the
products (right side of the
equation) are sugar and oxygen.
But for a chemical reaction to
occur, several things must
happen:
1. The particles must come into
contact with one another or
collide.
2. When the particles collide, the
particles must be aligned
correctly so that the right parts
of the atoms or molecules are
exposed. If they are not
oriented correctly, no chemical
reaction will take place
3. The particles must collide with
enough energy to break their
chemical bonds. The amount of
energy that must be available for
a reaction to occur is often
referred to as the activation
energy. It is the measure of the
change in the concentration of the
reactants or products.
 The reaction rate of a chemical reaction is
a measurement of the increase in the
concentration of a product or the decrease
in the concentration of a reactant as the
reaction proceeds over time.
 The rate of reaction also depends on the
type of molecules that are combining. If

there are low concentrations of an essential
element or compound, the reaction will be
slower.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF
REACTION
1. Activation Energy The activation
energy refers to the minimum energy
required for a reaction to take place.
When a collision provides energy equal
to or greater than the activation
energy, product can form. On the other
hand, if the particles have energy that
is less than the activation energy, the
collision is not effective, and they just
bounce off each other unchanged.
2. TEMPERATURE
Temperature refers to how hot or cold a
certain substance is. Usually, a rise in
temperature of 10 0C doubles the reaction
rate. The rate of a chemical reaction
increases with increasing temperature. As
the temperature increases, collision
between atoms and molecules becomes
faster resulting to build up of more energy.
The increased kinetic energy will equal to or
exceed the activation energy resulting to
more collisions giving rise to a reaction.
 Let’s try to apply: Arrange the following samples
according to the rate of solubility of sugar. (1 -
fastest, 3-slowest)
Cold water Hot water Tap

water
3. CONCENTRATION
The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by the

concentration of reacting substances. The term
concentration refers to the number of particles
present in a given volume of solution. Concentration
may also mean a measure of how much of the
solute (something to be dissolved) is dissolved in a
solvent (dissolving medium) to form a
homogeneous mixture. So, a higher concentration
means there is more of the solute in the solution. If
the concentration of the reactant is increased, the
rate of reaction also increases. When the number of
particles of the reactant is increased, there is a
great chance for particles to collide.
NOW, LET’S TRY TO ANALYZE THE
PICTURE BELOW:
1. Based on the Kinetic Molecular
Theory (KMT) and properties of
matter, why do you think there is
less collision on the left side while
there is more collision on the right
side?
2. What can you deduced (conclude)

about the effect of concentration on
the rate of chemical reaction?
4. SURFACE AREA AND PARTICLE SIZE
 Surface area is the measure of how
much exposed area a solid object
has, expressed in square units. In a
reaction between a solid and a liquid,
the more finely divided a solid is, the
faster is the rate of reaction.
Likewise, as you powdered a solid, its
surface area becomes greater, thus
the particles have higher chance of
colliding and faster reaction happens.
TO UNDERSTAND THIS FURTHER, TRY TO
ANALYZE THE PICTURE AND ANSWER THE
QUESTIONS BELOW:
1. How many reactant particles
can be seen on Figure 1?
2. Which do you think is the solid
particle on Figure 1?
3. What have you observed to the
reactant particles in Figure 2?
4. In which container will the solid
particle dissolve faster and
why?
The rate at which reactants
are consumed and products
are formed during chemical
reactions vary greatly.

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COLLISION

type of molecules that are combining. If

Cold water Hot water Tap

The rate of a chemical reaction is affected by the

2. What can you deduced (conclude)

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