Pye 211 D

PY 211D
Electricity
 Electric Charge
can be broken
 Voltage down into:
 Current
 Resistance
Negative & Positive Charges
 What do the effects of electricity in TV,
radio, a battery, and lightening all have in
common?
 Basic particles of electric charge with
opposite polarities.
Electrons
 The smallest amount of electrical charge
having the quality called negative polarity.
 Electrons orbit the center of atoms.
Protons
 The proton is a basic particle with positive
polarity.
 Protons are located in the nucleus of
atoms along with neutrons, particles which
have neutral polarity.
Electrically, all materials fall
into 1 of 3 classifications:
 Conductors
 Insulators
 Semi-Conductors
Conductors
 Have 1 valence electron
 Materials in which electrons can move
freely from atom to atom are called
conductors.
 In general all metals are good conductors.
 The purpose of conductors is to allow
electrical current to flow with minimum
resistance.
Insulators
 Have 8 valence electrons
 Materials in which electrons tend to stay put and
do not flow easily from atom to atom are termed
insulators.
 Insulators are used to prevent the flow of
electricity.
 Insulating materials such as glass, rubber, or
plastic are also called dielectrics, meaning they
can store charges.
 Dielectric materials are used in components like
capacitors which must store electric charges.
Semi-Conductors
 Have 4 valence electrons
 Materials which are neither conductors nor
insulators
 Common semi conductor materials are carbon,
germanium and silicone.
 Used in components like transistors
The Symbol for Charge
 The symbol for charge is Q which stands
for quantity.
 The practical unit of charge is called the
coulomb (C).
 One coulomb is equal to the amount of
charge of 6.25X1018 electrons or protons
stored in a dielectric.
Voltage
 Potential refers to the the possibility of doing
work.
 Any charge has the potential to do the work of
attracting a similar charge or repulsing an
opposite charge.
 The symbol for potential difference is E (for
electromotive force)
 The practical unit of potential difference is the
volt (V)
 1 volt is a measure of the amount of work
required to move 1C of charge
Current
 When a charge is forced to move because
of a potential difference (voltage) current is
produced.
 In conductors - free electrons can be
forced to move with relative ease, since
they require little work to be moved.
 So current is charge in motion.
 The more electrons in motion the greater
the current.
Amperes
 Current indicates the intensity of the electricity in

motion. The symbol for current is I (for intensity)
and is measured in amperes.
 The definition of current is: I = Q/T
 Where I is current in amperes, Q is charge in
coulombs, and T is time in seconds.
1 ampere = 1 coulomb per
second
Resistance
 Opposition to the flow of current is termed
resistance.
 The fact that a wire can become hot from
the flow of current is evidence of
resistance.
 Conductors have very little resistance.
 Insulators have large amounts of
resistance.
Ohms
 The practical unit of resistance is the
ohm designated by the Greek letter
omega: Ω
 A resistor is an electronic component
designed specifically to provide
resistance.
Closed Circuits
 In applications requiring the use of current,
electrical components are arranged in the
form of a circuit.
 A circuit is defined as a path for current
flow.
Common Electronic
Component Symbols
A Complex Audio Circuit
Open Circuits
The Circuit is a Load on the
Voltage Source
 The circuit is where the energy of the
source (battery) is carried by means of the
current through the the various
components.
 The battery is the source, since it
provides the potential energy to be used.
 The circuit components are the load
resistance - they determines how much
current the source will produce.
Direction of Electron Flow
 The direction of electron flow in our circuit
is from the negative side of the battery,
through the load resistance, back to the
positive side of the battery.
 Inside the battery, electrons move to the
negative terminal due to chemical action,
maintaining the potential across the leads.
Electron Flow in a Simple
Circuit
DC
 Circuits that are powered by battery
sources are termed direct current
circuits.
 This is because the battery maintains the
same polarity of output voltage. The plus
and minus sides remain constant.
Waveform of DC Voltage
Characteristics of DC
 It is the flow of charges in just one
direction and...
 The fixed polarity of the applied voltage
which are characteristics of DC circuits
AC
 An alternating voltage source periodically
alternates or reverses in polarity.
 The resulting current, therefore,
periodically reverses in direction.
 The power outlet in your home is 60 cycle
ac - meaning the voltage polarity and
current direction go through 60 cycles of
reversal per second.
 All audio signals are AC also.
Waveform of AC Voltage
Complex Voltage
This is a more realistic view of what

an audio signal’s voltage would look like
Comparison of DC & AC
DC Voltage AC Voltage
Fixed polarity Reverses polarity
Can be steady or vary in Varies in magnitude

magnitude between reversals in
polarity
Steady value cannot be Used for electrical power
stepped up or down by a distribution
transformer
Electrode voltage for tube I/O signal for tube and
and transistor amps transistor amps
Easier to measure Easier to amplify
Heating Effects the same for both AC and DC current

Many Circuits Include both
AC & DC Voltages
 DC circuits are usually simpler than AC
circuits.
 However, the principles of DC circuits also
apply to AC circuits.
Impedance
 Impedance is resistance to current flow in
AC circuits and its symbol is .
 Impedance is also measured in ohms.
Grounding
 In the wiring of practical circuits one side of the voltage
source is usually grounded for safety.
 For 120 V - ac power lines in homes this means one side
of the voltage source is connected to a metal cold water
pipe.
 For electronic equipment, the ground just indicates a
metal chassis, which is used as a common return for
connections to the source.
Common Symbols/ Names for
Ground in Electric Circuits
Ohm’s Law
 The amount of current in a circuit is
dependent on its resistance and the
applied voltage. Specifically I = E/R
 If you know any two of the factors E, I, and
R you can calculate the third.
 Current I = E/R
 Voltage E = IR
 Resistance R = E/I
Current is Directly Proportional to
Voltage for a Constant Resistance
OHM’s LAW
Current is Inversely Proportional to
Resistance for a Constant Voltage
OHM’s LAW
Power
 The unit of electrical power is the watt.
 Power is how much work is done over time.
 One watt of power is equal to the work done in
one second by one volt moving one coulomb of
charge. Since one coulomb a second is an
ampere:
 Power in watts = volts x amperes
 P=ExI
3 Power Formulas
 P=ExI
 P = I2 x R
 P = E2 / R

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PY 211D

 Current indicates the intensity of the electricity in

This is a more realistic view of what

Fixed polarity Reverses polarity

Can be steady or vary in Varies in magnitude

Heating Effects the same for both AC and DC current

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