Personal

Development
Social Relationships in
Middle and Late
Adolescence
Let us try to answer the items below to
check your previous knowledge on social
relationships. You may write your answers
in any size of paper. Just write the letter of
your correct answer.
A. Modified True or False. Write TRUE if the
statement is correct. If the statement is incorrect
change the underline word/s to make it correct.
1. The desirable qualities of a leader are similar
qualities that are sought after in a follower.
2. The role of a follower is more important than that of
the leader in realizing your group’s goals.
3. The power of influence characterized by identifying
with, being attracted to, or voluntary respect is called
afferent power.
 4. Extraversion, agreeableness,
conscientiousness, emotional stability, and
openness to experience are the big five
personality dimensions.
5. To be an effective leader, you should
understand the importance of being flexible in
adjusting your behaviors, so that you change
your personality for the group.
B. Read each statement carefully and choose the correct answer by
writing the letter in your paper.
6. It refers to the effort of others that induces an effect on the
attitudes and behaviors of people.
a. peer influence b. peer pressure c. social influence d. social role
7. It is a relationship among leaders and followers which is influential
in effecting change and realizing common goals.
a. followership b. leadership c. realization d. socialization
8. It is a leadership style wherein all aspects of leadership are vested
on the leaders as can be seen with dictators.
a. Autocratic b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Visionary
B. Read each statement carefully and choose the correct answer by
writing the letter in your paper.
6. It refers to the effort of others that induces an effect on the
attitudes and behaviors of people.
a. peer influence b. peer pressure c. social influence d. social role
7. It is a relationship among leaders and followers which is influential
in effecting change and realizing common goals.
a. followership b. leadership c. realization d. socialization
8. It is a leadership style wherein all aspects of leadership are vested
on the leaders as can be seen with dictators.
a. Autocratic b. Democratic c. Laissez-faire d. Visionary
9. It is the act of adherence to a leader.
a. followership b. leadership
c. realization d. socialization

10.It is a leadership style where leaders provide

their team members freedom to do their work and
set deadlines.
b. Autocratic b. Democratic
c. Laissez-faire d. Visionary
 Teenagers during middle and late adolescence
stage are already conscious of the social
environment. They are influenced by other
people around them in terms of thoughts,
beliefs, and behaviors. Identify three (3)
person who influenced you to be who you are
today by answering the given activity below. .
 There are various individuals in our community whom we look
up to for many reasons. They do different roles that help shape our
neighborhood (Cleofe, 2016). The activity below will help you
identify the person you admire the most and show your reasons why.
 Social influence refers to the
effort of others that induces an effect on
the attitudes and behaviors of people.
It describes the manner by which
individuals impact the views, moods,
and actions of other people. Social
influence occurs when the attitudes
or behaviors of people are affected by
another person or group (Caparas, 2018).
 Psychologists Solomon Asch (1966) and
Stanley Milgram (1983) describe social influence
as the modification of actions that an individual
produces in another, either based on personal
volition or as an outcome of the manner the
changed individual regards the self-relative to the
influencer, other people, and the society as a
whole.
 The theory of influence formulated by psychology professor Robert
Cialdini is founded on the doctrines of mutuality, obligation,
reliability, shared evidence, power, fondness, and inadequacy
(Cialdini, 2009). There are six principles of social influence crafted
by Cialdini through a series of experimental studies that he
conducted, and these are the following:

1. Reciprocity or mutuality. People

tend to return the favor, pay back debts, and treat
other people the way they are treated.
 Commitment, obligation,
2.

and consistency. People have a

deep desire to be consistent. They are
inclined to stick with something once a
commitment is made.
3. Social proof or shared
evidence. This principle relies on the
likelihood that people will do what others are
doing. People feel “safe” performing tasks
that they find other people doing.
4. Authority or power. In
almost all circumstances, people tend to
obey authority figures. They feel a sense of
duty or obligation to follow orders. Degrees,
position, title, uniforms, and even gadgets or
paraphernalia lend an air of authority that
influences people’s behavior or thinking.
5. Liking or fondness.
Cialdini asserts that people are more
likely to be influenced or persuaded by
individuals they like, are familiar with, or are
similar to them. People tend to buy items
offered by friends, personal contacts, and
acquaintances.
6. Scarcity or inadequacy.
The principle of scarcity suggests that people are
more likely to get attracted to things with limited
availability. The attraction stems from losing the
opportunity if they do not grab the chance to
acquire the commodity on the immediate
instance.
Sources of Social Influence
Social influence can be approached in three levels of analysis as recognized by
sociologists. These are social institutions, interactions with other people, and individual
socialization (Caparas, 2018).
Level of Social Influence Example Influences
1. Social institutions. School organizations, Attitudes, beliefs,
religious organizations, and values, and
neighborhood clubs behavior of people.
2. Interaction with other people daily interactions, talking
(This influence results from with others, making clique,
people’s interaction with other and
individuals in school, at home, or
at play.)
3. Individual socialization establishing relationships,
(characterizes the dynamism of an commitment,
individual’s continuous exposure professionalism, upholding
and familiarization) moral values, and individual
identity
 Sometimes we admire community leaders
because they organize activities for the welfare
of the youth, parents, senior citizens, and other
members of the community. We look up to
some people because exemplify deeds that
show responsibility, strength, and productivity
(Cleofe, 2016).
 Guide Questions
Instructions. Please answer the questions
below in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Who are these personalities that you admire
in your community?
2. Cite at least 5 personalities with their
contribution in our society that greatly
influence others.
3. How do you see yourself 5 or 10 years from now?
The person who influences you has the power to change you
because you tend to imitate some of his or her personality traits
and this power is called referent power or identification
with, attraction to, or respect for the source of influence. If you
live in a community full of love and compassion then, you will
also value love and compassion for yourself and for others. While
on the other hand, if you are delighted by material things and
wealth by the person you admire then you will also dream of
earning lots of money and becoming rich is your priority
(Hogg and Vaughan, 2011).
Leadership
Leadership is described as the ability to effect
change in other people to accomplish desired goals. It
involves undertaking collaborative efforts, determining
the right persons to do certain tasks, and coping
with challenges in various situations (Caparas,
2018). Moreover, according to Daft (2011), leadership
is a relationship among leaders and followers, which is
influential in effecting change and realizing common
goals.
 Professors Laurent Lapierre and Melissa Carsten (2014)
maintain that leadership will not happen if there are no followers in
the same way that the benefits will not be realized without
followers. It is equally important that the followers understand their
roles and how they impact the leaders and the leadership process.
There are three styles of leadership, as follows:

1. Autocratic or authoritarian. In this kind of

leadership style, all aspects of leadership are vested on the leaders
as can be seen with dictators. Leaders do not necessarily consult
their subordinates. They decide on their own and keep the decision
themselves until they feel the need to share it with the group
members (Lewin et al. 1939).
2. Participative or democratic. The
democratic leadership style upholds a
consultative and participative style of
leadership. Here, the group leader advances the
welfare of the members and promotes fairness.
This is also known as “shared” or “group-
centered leadership” (Caparas, 2018).
3. Laissez-faire. Leaders provide their
team members freedom to do their work and
set deadlines. The group members are given
autonomy to decide on policies and
procedures. Team members feel challenged
to generate novel ideas and innovative
strategies (Caparas, 2018).
 According to Daft (2011), to be an effective leader, you
should understand the importance of being flexible in
adjusting your behaviors to fit the circumstances of your
group, if there is time pressure on a leader or the
members are too slow to finish their tasks, the leader
must adopt an autocratic style. In contrast, when you see
that your members can make wise decisions, you may
revert it back to the democratic style. Judge et al. (2002)
found in their study the big five personality dimensions
as follows:
1.Extraversion/ surgency
2.Emotional stability
3.Agreeableness
4.Intellect/ openness to experience.
5.Conscientiousness
Followership
The act of adherence to a leader is what is described as
followership. This behavior of an individual occurs in a cluster of
people, teams, or organization (Riggio et al. 2008). The success or
failure of an organization depends not only on the competencies of
the leader but also on the extent to which the followers abide by the
leader (Kelley 1988). Even leaders must be willing to shift into or out
of their role under certain circumstances to influence change in their
followers and achieve common goals (Daft, 2011). The relationship
between leaders and followers should show reciprocity or mutual
exchange of influence (Bass, 1990). Leaders influence followers, and,
at the same time, followers influence leaders.
Bossidy (2007) cited some of the things expected
from an effective follower:
1. A make-it-happen attitude. Leaders
expect results from their followers as they do
not need excuses. Tasks become smoother when
followers can complete tasks and get things
done.
2. A willingness to collaborate. It is
important in the realization of the common goal.
The strength of the team is heavily dependent on
the interdependence of self-reliable members.
3. The passion to drive your own
growth. Leaders seek for followers who
want to develop themselves. The best
followers are those who have skills, but
those who take the responsibility to
continuously improve their abilities.
Kelly (1988) determine five classes/ types of
followers and these are the following:

▪ Conformist. These individuals say

yes to their leaders. They commit
themselves to the accomplishment of the goals
of the team or organization.
▪ Exemplary. Individuals who
possess traits such as optimism, energy,
and the ability to think freely and
critically. They practice critical thinking
as applied to decision making.
▪ Passive. Followers who do
not exercise critical thinking and
simply do what has been instructed to
them.
▪ Pragmatics. These
individuals who like to remain in the
background of the group. They do not
usually express their views about
controversial issues until the majority
has spoken up.
▪ Alienated. Those who exude
negativism as they believe that they have
the authority and responsibility to lead the
organization. They simply play the devil’s
advocate by persistently challenging the
judgement, position, and actions of the
leader.
Activity 3: REFLECTION
Answer the questions below and write your answers
in any sheet of paper.
1. If given a chance to become a leader, what
leadership style you would adopt and why?
_____________________________________________
2. What type of follower you are? Explain your
answer.
_____________________________________________
Activity 4: MINI SURVEY
This activity aims to familiarize you on
how to effectively conduct a survey of the
leaders you know in your community and
identify their style of leadership.
Instructions:
1. Identify at 2 leaders in any organization
that you know like in your family.
 2. Let them answer the mini survey
instrument below.
3. From their answers, identify the
style of leadership they apply. You may
write the summary of your answers in a
short bond paper.
 Read and analyze each item and carefully select the
correct answer
by writing the letter on the paper.
1. It is a leadership style where leaders provide their
team members freedom to do their work and set
deadlines.
a. Autocratic c. Laissez-faire
b. Democratic d. Visionary
2. It is the act of adherence to a leader.
a. Followership c. Realization
b. Leadership d. Socialization
3. It is a leadership style wherein all aspects of
leadership are vested on the leaders as can be seen
with dictators.
a. Autocratic c. Laissez-faire
b. Democratic d. Visionary
4. It refers to the effort of others that induces an
effect on the attitudes and behaviors of people.
a. Peer influence c. Social influence
b. Peer pressure d. Social role
5. It is a relationship among leaders and followers
which is influential in effecting change and
realizing common goals.
a. Followership c. Realization
b. Leadership d. Socialization
6. The power of influence characterized by
identifying with, being attracted to, or voluntary
respect is called __________.
a. afferent power c. referent power
b. reference power d. referred power
7. A type of follower who possess traits such as
optimism, energy, and the
ability to think freely and critically.
a. Alienated c. Exemplary
b. Conformist d. Pragmatics
8. Those who simply play the devil’s advocate by
persistently challenging the judgement, position,
and actions of the leader.
a. Alienated c. Exemplary
b. Conformist d. Pragmatics
9. They commit themselves to the accomplishment
of the goals of the team or organization.
a. Conformist c. Passive
b. Exemplary d. Pragmatics
10.Followers who do not exercise critical thinking
and simply do what has been instructed to them.
c. Conformist b. Exemplary
c. Passive d. Pragmatics
11. A principle of social influence wherein people tend
to return the favor, pay back debts, and treat other
people the way they are treated.
a. Authority b. Liking
c. Reciprocity d. Scarcity
12. A principle of social influence wherein people
are more likely to be influenced or persuaded by
individuals they like, are familiar with, or are similar to
them.
a. Authority b. Liking
c. Reciprocity d. Scarcity
13. This principle of social influence where people
rely on the likelihood that people will do what others
are doing.
a. Liking b. Reciprocity
c. Scarcity d. Social proof
14. A principle of social influence wherein people
feel a sense of duty or obligation to follow orders.
b. Power b. Reciprocity
c. Scarcity d. Social proof
15. This principle of social influence suggests
that people are more likely to get attracted to
things with limited availability.
a. Power b. Reciprocity
c. Scarcity d. Social proof
 True or False. Write CORRECT if the
underline word is correct and if
it is not, write INCORRECT.
16. The desirable qualities of a leader are
II.

similar qualities that are sought after in a

follower.
17.The role of a follower is more important
than that of the leader in realizing your group’s
goals.
18.The power of influence characterized by
identifying with, being attracted to, or voluntary
respect is called afferent power.
19.Extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness,
emotional stability, and openness to experience are the
II.

big five personality dimensions.

20.To be an effective leader, you should understand
the importance of being flexible in adjusting your
behaviors, so that you change your personality for the
group.