Lecture 8

Lecture 8.
Literary text as a poetic structure

Literary work is the author’s written form of
expression that reflects his views or
opinions on life and living.
Literary work can also be viewed as a source
of knowledge and information.
Literature widens our field of vision.
The most important reason of reading
literature is because it breaks down our personal
barriers.
It allows us to leave behind our age, family

background and economic condition so that we can
see the world from the perspective of people who
are completely different from us.
It helps us to understand ourselves and others.

ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
Written works having excellence in:
• The Genre
• The Theme
• The Idea
• The Structure
• Expression
The Major Genres
L iteratu re
P rose P oetry D ram a

PROSE
Prose is the ordinary form of
written language.
It imitates the spoken language. It
is written in sentences and
paragraphs (essays, short
stories, novels, newspaper
articles, and letters)
L iteratu re
Prose
FICTION NON-FICTION
Short Stories Personal
Narrative
Fairy Tales Letters
Folk Tales Memoirs
Novels Short Stories
Poems Reports
L iteratu re
P rose P oetry D ram a Poetry

Poetry is language written with rhythm,
figurative language, imagery, sound
devices and emotionally charged
language.
Major Types of Poetry
Lyric Poetry
Narrative Poetry
Concrete Poetry
Literature
Drama is a story written to

be performed by actors.
Although a drama is meant
to be performed, one can
also read the script, or
written version, and imagine
the action.
What is a Theme?
A theme is a central message revealed through a
literary work.
The main idea or underlying meaning of a
literary work
It is a generalization about people or about life
that is communicated through the literary work.
Themes may be major or minor
What is the Idea of a literary work?
A theme is a central message revealed through a
literary work.
It is a lesson that the selection teaches or a major
point that the selection as a whole is about.
It is a generalization about people or about life
that is communicated through the literary work.
The following list of words are literary
terms that we will be using when
discussing or analyzing literature in this
class
Plot – the events (action) of the story
1. Exposition (opening situation; conflict
or problem) – the beginning events;
introduces us to the characters, setting, etc.
2. Rising action (complications) – the
events in the central part of the story where
various problems arise; leads to the climax
 3. Climax – the event that changes
the main character; the turning point
 4. Falling action – the event(s) that
follow the climax; the action or
dialogue necessary to lead to the
resolution; helps the reader solve
the conflict
 5. Resolution (Denouement) – the
event that happens at the end to help
us solve the conflict
Conflict – a struggle between
opposing forces; problems and
complications in the story
1. Internal conflict (man vs.
himself) – conflict within the character
2. External conflict – a struggle with an
outside force or problem
a. Man vs. Man – one against one
b. Man vs. Society – one against a
social issue or problem
c. Man vs. nature – one against an
element or animal
Analyzing Fiction
Setting
The general locale, time in history, or social
milieu in which the action of a work of literature
takes place. Setting is often important in
establishing the mood or atmosphere of a work.
Mood: the prevailing emotional attitude--such as

regret, hopefulness, or bitterness--in a literary
work or in part of a work. Mood is often used
interchangeably with tone.
Analyzing Fiction
 Characters CONTINUED
 Protagonist--Major character at the center of the story.
 Antagonist--A character or force that opposes the
protagonist.
 Minor character--0ften provides support and illuminates
the protagonist.
 Static character--A character who remains the same.
 Dynamic character--A character who changes in some
important way.
 Characterization--The means by which writers reveal
character.
Characterization – the description of
people in a story
1. static character – remains the same
2. dynamic character – changes during
the story; grows and develop
3. stereotype (consistent) – acts like
you would expect him/her to act
4. protagonist – hero; main character;
good guy
5. antagonist – person (force) against
the protagonist; the villain; bad guy
Flashback – info about the past
Foreshadowing – clues (hints) of what is
to come
Point-of-view – who is telling the story
1. First person – one of the characters in
the story is telling the story
2. Third person omniscient – the narrator
knows the feeling and thoughts of all the
characters
Analyzing Fiction
Point of view
 first person: (I) the narrator stands inside the story and
relates first hand experience—can create a feeling of
intimacy.
– If this narrator does not fully understand the implications of
his or her tale, the character is called a naïve narrator.
– If the first-person narrator presents only the unspoken
thoughts of the protagonist, the result is an interior
monologue.
 third person: (he, she, they) the narrator stands outside the
story and comments
– omniscient third person narrator: assumes a godlike persona,
moving about freely in time and space, revealing the thoughts
and motives of all the characters, knowing the present, past,
and future, and (sometimes) commenting on or interpreting
the actions of the characters.
Mood – the predominant emotion in a
story; how you feel
Moral – the lesson taught by a story

Style – how the author writes; his
choice and arrangement of words; his
use of language
Diction – a writer’s choice of words
Syntax – the arrangement of words in a
sentence; how the writer constructs a
sentence
Imagery – descriptive words and
phrases that appeal to the senses
Connotation – not the dictionary
definition of a word
Denotation – the dictionary definition

of a word

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Lecture 8.

Literary text as a poetic structure

It allows us to leave behind our age, family

It helps us to understand ourselves and others.

P rose P oetry D ram a

P rose P oetry D ram a

P rose P oetry D ram a Poetry

P rose P oetry D ram a

Drama is a story written to

Mood: the prevailing emotional attitude--such as

Moral – the lesson taught by a story

Denotation – the dictionary definition

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