Waves
Waves
Waves
Introduction
Waves, Waves, Waves.
Waves are everywhere.
We talk, walk, smell, see, or perform any work , it is in the
form of waves.
Waves are associated with our lives and all physical devices
we use.
Waves are fundamental aspect of our lives and for that matter
the whole universe.
What Are Waves?
Definition
• Waves are the disturbances taking place in space and time.
Diagram
Types Of Waves
A) Mechanical ( Requires Medium)
• Longitudinal • Transverse
Disturbances in the medium are Disturbances in the medium are
parallel to the direction of perpendicular to the direction of
Propagation. Propagation.
Dig. Dig.
Types Of Waves
B) Electromagnetic (Medium not Required) Transverse only
Dig.
Attributes of a wave (Spatial)
1. Amplitude
Dig.
Attributes of a wave (Spatial)
2. Wavelength
1. Reflection 6. Superposition
2. Refraction 7. Scattering
3. Transmission 8. Interference
4. Dispersion 9. Polarisation
5. Diffraction 10. Modulation
Phenomena Observed By Waves
1. Reflection ( Longitudinal )
n = =
a g
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfawFJCRDSE
Lenses ( Converging )
Lenses ( Diverging )
Refraction ( Bi-convex Lens )
Object at Infinity, Real, Inverted, point sized
image at Focus
Object beyond C, Real, Inverted,
Diminished between C & F.
Object at C , Image Real, Inverted, Same
Size, at C
Object between C & F, Image beyond c,
Inverted and Magnified
Object at Focus, Image at infinity, Real,
Inverted, Magnified
Object between O & F, Image Virtual, Erect,
Magnified, Beyond C on the same side.
Tabulation of all cases for
Concave Lenses
Concave Lenses
Sign convention in case of
Lenses
Rules For Refractions
Rules For Refractions:
1) nr < nd , i > r
2) Incident and refracted ray are on the opposite side of the normal.
3) Incident ray, Normal & Reflected ray are in the same plane.
• Definition:
Splitting of white light in to its constituent colours/ frequencies is
known as Dispersion.
Occurs through Prism or prismatic material
Phenomena Observed By Waves
5. Diffraction
Definition:
Bending of waves around corners of an object is known as Diffraction.
Phenomena Observed By Waves
6. Superposition
• Definition:
When two narrow coherent monochromatic sources of same intensities
separated by small distance form constructive and destructive
superposition then such a phenomenon is known as interference.
Phenomena Observed By Waves
9.Polarisation (Vibration restricted to one plane)
Types Of Polarisation
Unpolarised, Plane, Circularly,
Elliptically
Elliptically Polarised
Medical Imaging and Applications
Sound as a Form of Energy
How The Ear Hears,
Explanation How The Ear Hears
• Sound waves after passing through Ear Canal, hits the eardrum.
• The eardrum vibrates from the incoming sound waves and sends these vibrations to three tiny bones (malleus,
incus, and stapes) in the middle ear.
• The bones in the middle ear amplify, or increase, the sound vibrations and send them to the cochlea, a snail-
shaped structure filled with fluid, in the inner ear.
• An elastic partition (basilar membrane) runs from the beginning to the end of the cochlea, splitting it into an
upper and lower part.
• This basilar membrane serves as the base, on which key hearing structures sit.
• Once the vibrations cause the fluid inside the cochlea to ripple, a traveling wave forms along the basilar
membrane.
• Hair cells—sensory cells sitting on top of the basilar membrane—ride the wave. Hair cells near the wide end of
the snail-shaped cochlea detect higher-pitched sounds, such as an infant crying. Those closer to the center
detect lower-pitched sounds, such as a large dog barking.
• As the hair cells move up and down, microscopic hair-like projections (known as stereocilia) that perch on top of
the hair cells bump against an overlying structure and bend. Bending causes pore-like channels, which are at the
tips of the stereocilia, to open up. When that happens, chemicals rush into the cells, creating an electrical signal.
• The auditory nerve carries this electrical signal to the brain, which turns it into a sound that we recognize and
understand.
Structure of Human Eye
Normal Vision
Defects of Vision: Myopia
Nearsightedness or Shortsightedness: is a refractive error where vision is blur at far distances
but clear at near distances. The image of the faraway is focused at anterior point of retina.
Hypermetropia
Farsightedness
is a refractive error where vision is blur at near distances but blur at near distances. Image is
formed at posterior point of Retina.
Presbyopia
is a defect of vision in which person find difficult to see the nearby object as
well as distinct objects clearly. Causes. This defect of vision arises due to the
weakness of ciliary muscle in old age person.
Cataract:
a medical condition in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque,
resulting in blurred vision.
Astigmatism:
Distortion in the spherical shape of cornea or lens cannot focus at a single point
on retina causing Astigmatism.
Astigmatism : Causes & Correction
Colour Blindness:
The inability of an eye to distinguish between various colours or cannot see any colour
other than Black, Grey & White.
Causes of Colour Blindness
Functions of Human eye
• Adjusts the amount of light it lets in by adjusting Pupil
• Focuses on objects near and far by changing curvature of lenses
• Produces continuous images on Ratina
• Instantly transmit images to the brain using optic nerve
Resources
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZz25bmTWXo&list=PPSV
• https://youtu.be/Q0qrU4nprB0
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0qrU4nprB0&list=PPSV