Waves

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WAVES

Introduction
Waves, Waves, Waves.
Waves are everywhere.
We talk, walk, smell, see, or perform any work , it is in the
form of waves.
Waves are associated with our lives and all physical devices
we use.
Waves are fundamental aspect of our lives and for that matter
the whole universe.
What Are Waves?
Definition
• Waves are the disturbances taking place in space and time.

Diagram
Types Of Waves
A) Mechanical ( Requires Medium)
• Longitudinal • Transverse
Disturbances in the medium are Disturbances in the medium are
parallel to the direction of perpendicular to the direction of
Propagation. Propagation.

Dig. Dig.
Types Of Waves
B) Electromagnetic (Medium not Required) Transverse only

Electric & Magnetic Vectors vibrate perpendicular to direction of


propagation in space and time.

Dig.
Attributes of a wave (Spatial)
1. Amplitude

• Def: Maximum displacement of a particle from its mean position is


known as amplitude.
• Symbol: A
• Units: meters, cm

Dig.
Attributes of a wave (Spatial)
2. Wavelength

• Def: Distance between two successive crests or troughs is known as


wavelength.
• Distance between two particles in the same phase is known as
wavelength.
• Symbol: λ
• Units: meters, cm
• Dig.
Attributes of a wave (Temporal)
3. Period

• Def: Time elapsed between two successive crest/ troughs is known as


period.
• Time elapsed between two successive particles in the same phase is
known as period.
• Symbol: T
• Units: Seconds (S)
Attributes of a wave (Temporal)
4. Frequency

• Def: Number of waves passing through a given point in unit time.


• Symbol: f, Formula: f=1/T
• Units: sec-1 (Hertz)
Attributes of a wave (Space –Time)
5. Speed/Velocity

• Def: Displacement covered per unit time


• Symbol: V
• Formula: V=λ/T
• Units: m/s, cm/s
Attributes of a wave (Space –Time)
6. Phase angle(θ = Kx + ωt) (Omitted)

• Def: Angle made by a tangent at a given point of time or space, with


the direction of propagation.
• Symbol: δ
• Formula: δ = Kx + ωt = +
• Units: degrees, radians
• Dig.
Types of waves
(Energy and Momentum point of
view)
1. Progressive Waves
Waves in which energy and momentum are transmitted from one point
to another without transport of the particles of the medium.
Types of waves
(Energy and Momentum point of
view)
2. Stationary Waves
Waves in which energy and momentum are not transmitted from one
point to another in space and time.
Conditions for Stationary Waves
1) Direction of two waves should be opposite
2) Amplitude of the two waves should be same.
3) Wavelength of the two waves should be same.
4) Frequency of the two waves should be same.

Note: The distance between two successive Nodes/ Antinodes is half of


the wavelength. L(N1N2)= λ/2
Phenomena Observed By Waves

1. Reflection 6. Superposition
2. Refraction 7. Scattering
3. Transmission 8. Interference
4. Dispersion 9. Polarisation
5. Diffraction 10. Modulation
Phenomena Observed By Waves
1. Reflection ( Longitudinal )

• From Rigid From Non-Rigid (Rarer)


Phenomena Observed By Waves
1. Reflection (Transverse)
• Rigid Non Rigid
Rules for Reflection From Plane
Mirror
• Rule 1) θ incidence= θreflection
• Rule 2) Reflected Ray & Incident Ray are on the opposite side to that
of the normal.
• Rule 3) Incident ray, Normal and Reflected ray are in the same plane.
Reflection From Concave Mirror &
Convex Mirror
How are Concave & Convex mirrors
Made?
Object at Infinity, Image at Focus, Inverted ,Real,
Highly Diminished.
(Uses: Telescope, Dentist)
Object Beyond C, Image between C & F, Real,
Inverted Diminished.
Object at C, Image C, Real,
Inverted, Same Size
Object between C & F, Image Beyond C, Real, Inverted, Magnified
Object at F, Image at Infinity, Real, Inverted,
Highly Magnified.
( Uses: Torches, Focus Lamps )
Object between P&F, Image beyond P, Virtual,
Erect, Magnified
( Shaving Mirror )
Reflection from Convex Mirror
Tabulation of all cases for Concave
Mirror
Sign convention in case of
Mirrors
Mirror Formula: = + or f=
For Concave mirror • F = R/2=-10/2 = -5
Eg.1. U=-12cm, V = -8cm • For Convex Mirror
f=? Eg. R=12cm
f = (-12x-8)/(-12-8)= 96/-20 =-4.8 U= - 6cm V=?
cm Ans: f= , = 6=
• Eg. 2. 6()= -6v, -36=-6v -6v =-12v
• R=-10 cm V = -36/-12= +3.0>0 (virtual)
• f=? C.T. f= =-18/-3 = 6cm
Phenomena Observed By Waves
2. Refraction

• From Rigid (Ray Form) ( Wave-front Form)


Phenomena Observed By Waves
2. Refraction
2. Refraction
• https://www.youtube.com/shorts/o7rUt45DkXk
Total Internal Reflection

(θ incidence< θcritical) (θ incidence= θ critical ) (θ incidence> θ critical)


Rules for Refraction From Transparent
Medium (Glass Plate)
Rule 1) θincidence > θrefraction For a ray
going from rarer medium to denser
medium & θincidence < θrefraction For a
ray going from denser medium to
rarer medium.
Rule 2) Refracted Ray & Incident
Ray are on the opposite side to that
of the normal.
Rule 3) Incident ray, Normal and
Refracted ray are in the same
plane.
Refraction (Snell’s Law)
Snell’s Law
n1 Sin i = n2 Sin r’
na Sin i = ng Sin r’

n = = 1.5 Refractive index of Glass with respect to air.


a g

n = = 1.074 Refractive index of water.


a w

n = =
a g

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfawFJCRDSE
Lenses ( Converging )
Lenses ( Diverging )
Refraction ( Bi-convex Lens )
Object at Infinity, Real, Inverted, point sized
image at Focus
Object beyond C, Real, Inverted,
Diminished between C & F.
Object at C , Image Real, Inverted, Same
Size, at C
Object between C & F, Image beyond c,
Inverted and Magnified
Object at Focus, Image at infinity, Real,
Inverted, Magnified
Object between O & F, Image Virtual, Erect,
Magnified, Beyond C on the same side.
Tabulation of all cases for
Concave Lenses
Concave Lenses
Sign convention in case of
Lenses
Rules For Refractions
Rules For Refractions:
1) nr < nd , i > r
2) Incident and refracted ray are on the opposite side of the normal.
3) Incident ray, Normal & Reflected ray are in the same plane.

Lens Formula Lens Maker’s Formula


Phenomena Observed By Waves
3. Transmission

• Is possible through transparent material.


• Is Partially Possible through translucent material.
• Is not possible through opaque material.
Phenomena Observed By Waves
4. Dipersion

• Definition:
Splitting of white light in to its constituent colours/ frequencies is
known as Dispersion.
Occurs through Prism or prismatic material
Phenomena Observed By Waves
5. Diffraction

Definition:
Bending of waves around corners of an object is known as Diffraction.
Phenomena Observed By Waves
6. Superposition

Overlapping of two or more waves at a given point of time in space


resulting in to vector sum of the individual displacements produced by
each wave at that point is known as Superposition.
Phenomena Observed By Waves
7. Scattering

• Waves forced to deviate from straight line path by local non-


uniformities in the medium through which they pass are said to be
scattered and such a phenomenon is known as scattering.
Phenomena Observed By Waves
8. Interference

• Definition:
When two narrow coherent monochromatic sources of same intensities
separated by small distance form constructive and destructive
superposition then such a phenomenon is known as interference.
Phenomena Observed By Waves
9.Polarisation (Vibration restricted to one plane)
Types Of Polarisation
Unpolarised, Plane, Circularly,
Elliptically
Elliptically Polarised
Medical Imaging and Applications
Sound as a Form of Energy
How The Ear Hears,
Explanation How The Ear Hears
• Sound waves after passing through Ear Canal, hits the eardrum.
• The eardrum vibrates from the incoming sound waves and sends these vibrations to three tiny bones (malleus,
incus, and stapes) in the middle ear.
• The bones in the middle ear amplify, or increase, the sound vibrations and send them to the cochlea, a snail-
shaped structure filled with fluid, in the inner ear.
• An elastic partition (basilar membrane) runs from the beginning to the end of the cochlea, splitting it into an
upper and lower part.
• This basilar membrane serves as the base, on which key hearing structures sit.
• Once the vibrations cause the fluid inside the cochlea to ripple, a traveling wave forms along the basilar
membrane.
• Hair cells—sensory cells sitting on top of the basilar membrane—ride the wave. Hair cells near the wide end of
the snail-shaped cochlea detect higher-pitched sounds, such as an infant crying. Those closer to the center
detect lower-pitched sounds, such as a large dog barking.
• As the hair cells move up and down, microscopic hair-like projections (known as stereocilia) that perch on top of
the hair cells bump against an overlying structure and bend. Bending causes pore-like channels, which are at the
tips of the stereocilia, to open up. When that happens, chemicals rush into the cells, creating an electrical signal.
• The auditory nerve carries this electrical signal to the brain, which turns it into a sound that we recognize and
understand.
Structure of Human Eye
Normal Vision
Defects of Vision: Myopia
Nearsightedness or Shortsightedness: is a refractive error where vision is blur at far distances
but clear at near distances. The image of the faraway is focused at anterior point of retina.
Hypermetropia
Farsightedness
is a refractive error where vision is blur at near distances but blur at near distances. Image is
formed at posterior point of Retina.
Presbyopia
is a defect of vision in which person find difficult to see the nearby object as
well as distinct objects clearly. Causes. This defect of vision arises due to the
weakness of ciliary muscle in old age person.
Cataract:
a medical condition in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque,
resulting in blurred vision.
Astigmatism:
Distortion in the spherical shape of cornea or lens cannot focus at a single point
on retina causing Astigmatism.
Astigmatism : Causes & Correction
Colour Blindness:
The inability of an eye to distinguish between various colours or cannot see any colour
other than Black, Grey & White.
Causes of Colour Blindness
Functions of Human eye
• Adjusts the amount of light it lets in by adjusting Pupil
• Focuses on objects near and far by changing curvature of lenses
• Produces continuous images on Ratina
• Instantly transmit images to the brain using optic nerve
Resources
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZz25bmTWXo&list=PPSV
• https://youtu.be/Q0qrU4nprB0
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0qrU4nprB0&list=PPSV

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