Grabowski CH 6 Slide Deck
Grabowski CH 6 Slide Deck
Mr Grabowski
Chapter 6
Metabolism:
Energy and
Enzymes
Lecture Outline
1
Outline
• 6.1 Cells and the Flow of Energy
2
6.1 Cells and the Flow of
Energy
• Energy – The ability to do work or bring
about a change
Kinetic energy
• Energy of motion
• Mechanical
Potential energy
• Stored energy
• Chemical energy
3
• What is energy?
Ability to do work or ability to bring about change.
4
Flow of Energy
solar
energy
heat
heat
heat
heat
Chemical
energy
Mechanical energy
5
Two Laws of
Thermodynamics
• First law:
Law of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can be
changed from one form to another
• Second law:
Law of entropy
When energy is changed from one form to another,
there is a loss of usable energy
Waste energy goes to increase disorder
6
The law of conservation of energy says that
energy is neither created nor destroyed.
When people use energy, it doesn't
disappear. Energy changes from one form
of energy into another form of energy.
7
2nd Law = Law of Entropy
S S
8
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heat
CO2
sun
H2O
carbohydrate
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heat
10
Cells and Entropy Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
H2O
C6H12O6
CO2
and water
+ +
H H +
channel protein + H
H
+ +
H H
+ +
+ H + H
H H
+ +
+ H + H
H + H +
H + H +
H H
• Metabolism
Sum of cellular chemical reactions in cell
Reactants participate in a reaction
Products form as result of a reaction
• Free energy is the amount of energy available
to perform work
Exergonic Reactions - Products have less free
energy than reactants (release energy)
Endergonic Reactions - Products have more free
energy than reactants (require energy input)
12
ATP and Coupled Reactions
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
High energy compound used to drive metabolic
reactions
Constantly being generated from adenosine
diphosphate (ADP)
• Composed of:
Adenine and ribose (together = adenosine), and
Three phosphate groups
• Coupled reactions
Energy released by an exergonic reaction
captured in ATP
That ATP used to drive an endergonic reaction
13
The ATP Cycle
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adenosine triphosphate
P P P
ATP
14
The ATP Cycle
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adenosine triphosphate
P P P
ATP
ATP + P
Exergonic Reaction:
adenosine triphosphate
P P P
ATP
ADP + P
Exergonic Reaction:
P P + P
adenosine triphosphate
P P P
Endergonic Reaction:
• Example: cellular
respiration
ADP + P
Exergonic Reaction:
P P + P
actin
myosin ATP
18
Coupled Reactions
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to attach to actin.
actin
P
myosin ATP ADP
19
Coupled Reactions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
1 Myosin assumes its 2 ATP splits into ADP 3 Release of ADP and
actin
P ADP
ATP
myosin
20
Coupled Reactions
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1 Myosin assumes its 2 ATP splits into ADP 3 Release of ADP and
motion.
actin
P
ATP ADP
myosin
21
Work-Related Functions of
ATP
• Primarily to perform cellular work
Chemical Work - Energy needed to
synthesize macromolecules
22
Metabolic Pathways
• Reactions are usually occur in a sequence
Products of an earlier reaction become reactants of a
later reaction
Such linked reactions form a metabolic pathway
• Begins with a particular reactant,
• Proceeds through several intermediates, and
• Terminates with a particular end product
AB C D E FG
A B C D E F G
24
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6.3 Metabolic Pathways and
Enzymes
• Reactions usually occur in a sequence
Products of an earlier reaction become reactants of a
later reaction
Such linked reactions form a metabolic pathway
• Begins with a particular reactant, proceeds through several
intermediates, and terminates with a particular end product
AB C D E FG
26
6.3 Metabolic Pathways and
Enzymes
• Enzyme
Protein molecules that function as catalysts
The reactants of an enzymatically catalyzed reaction
are called substrates
Each enzyme accelerates a specific reaction
Each reaction in a metabolic pathway requires a
unique and specific enzyme
The end product will not be formed unless ALL
enzymes in the pathway are present and functional
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6
A B C D E F G
27
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28
Energy of Activation
• Molecules frequently do not react with one
another unless they are activated in some way
Energy must be added to at least one reactant to
initiate the reaction
• Energy of activation
• Enzyme Operation:
Enzymes operate by lowering the energy of
activation
Accomplished by bringing substrates into contact with
one another
29
Energy of Activation
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energy of
activation
(Ea)
energy of
energy of
reactant
activation
(Ea)
Free Energy
energy of
product
enzyme present
30
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31
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• The active site complexes with the
substrates
Causes the active site to change shape
• Synthesis:
Enzyme complexes with two substrate molecules
Substrates are joined together and released as a
single product molecule
33
Enzymatic Actions
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products
enzyme
substrate
enzyme-substrate
complex
active site
Degradation
to smaller products.
a. enzyme
product
enzyme
substrates
enzyme-substrate
complex
active site
Synthesis
34
Factors Affecting Enzymatic
Speed
• Substrate concentration
Enzyme activity increases with substrate
concentration due to more frequent collisions between
substrate molecules and the enzyme
• Temperature
Enzyme activity increases with temperature
Warmer temperatures cause more effective collisions
between enzyme and substrate
However, hot temperatures can denature and destroy
enzymes
• pH
Most enzymes are optimized for a particular pH
35
The Effect of Temperature on Rate of
Reaction
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(product per unit of time)
Rate of Reaction
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature C
a. Rate of reaction as a function of b. Body temperature of ectothermic animals c. Body temperature of endothermic animals
36
The Effect of pH on Rate of Reaction
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pepsin trypsin
(product per unit of time)
Rate of Reaction
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12
pH
37
Factors Affecting Enzymatic
Speed
• Cells can regulate the presence/absence of an
enzyme
• Cells can regulate the concentration of an
enzyme
• Cells can activate or deactivate some enzymes
Enzyme Cofactors
• Molecules required to activate enzyme
• Coenzymes are nonprotein organic molecules
• Vitamins are small organic compounds required in the diet
for the synthesis of coenzymes
38
Cofactors at Active Site
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cofactor
active
site
39
a.
Cofactors at Active Site
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substrate
40
b.
Cofactors at Active Site
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cofactor
active
site substrate
a. b.
41
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42
Enzyme Inhibition
• Reversible enzyme inhibition
A substance known as an inhibitor binds to an
enzyme and decreases its activity
• Competitive inhibition – the substrate and the
inhibitor are both able to bind to active site
• Noncompetitive inhibition – the inhibitor does not
bind at the active site, but at an allosteric site
43
Noncompetitive Inhibition of an Enzyme
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A E allosteric site
1
E E E E E
enzymes 1 2 3 4 5 F
substrates A B C D E (end
product)
A E (end
1
product)
44
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45
Enzyme Inhibitors Can Spell
Death
• Materials that irreversibly inhibit an enzyme are
known as poisons
• Cyanide inhibits enzymes required for ATP
production
• Sarin inhibits an enzyme located at the
neuromuscular junction.
• Warfarin inhibits an enzyme responsible for the
blood clotting process
46
6.4 Organelles and the Flow
of Energy
• Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions
Electrons pass from one molecule to another
• Oxidation - loss of an electron
47
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
48
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Electron Transport Chain
• Consists of membrane-bound carrier proteins
found in mitochondria and chloroplasts
• Physically arranged in an ordered series
Starts with high-energy electrons
Pass electrons from one carrier to another
• Electron energy used to pump hydrogen ions (H +) to one side
of membrane
• Establishes an electrochemical gradient across the
membrane
• The electrochemical gradient is used to make ATP from ADP
– Chemiosmosis
Ends with low-energy electrons and high-energy ATP
50
ElectronTransport Chain Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
–
e
high-energy
electrons
High-energy electrons
energy for
are unstable and have ATP
Synthesis of
high potential energy.
in stages, as kinetic
electron
transport chain
As energy is released,
low-energy
the electrons become -
e
electrons
more stable and have
51
less potential energy.
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Chemiosmosis
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+
High H concentration
+
H pump in electron
transport chain
ATP
synthase
+
NADH NAD + H complex
+
+ H
Low H concentration
53
Chemiosmosis
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+
High H concentration
+
H
+
H pump in electron +
+ H
transport chain H
ATP
synthase
+
NADH NAD + H complex
+
+ H
Low H concentration
54
Chemiosmosis
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+
High H concentration
+
H
+
H pump in electron +
+ H
transport chain H
ATP
synthase
+
NADH NAD + H complex
+
+ H
Low H concentration
55
Chemiosmosis
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+
High H concentration
+ +
H H
+
H pump in electron +
+ H
transport chain H
+
H
ATP
ADP + P
ATP
ADP + P synthase
+
NADH NAD + H complex
ATP
+
+ H
Low H concentration
56