Unit 5 - ADC v2

1
CHAPTER 5-HARDWARE
INTERFACING
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER
(ADC)
2
What is Analog To Digital Conversion?
• It’s a process of capturing the analog electric signal (such
as sound captured by a microphone) and converting it to a

series of numeric digital values to be processed by a
microcontroller.
• The electronic device which is used for this conversion
process is known as A/D or ADC (Analog-To-Digital

Converter).
3
Physical Quantity (1)

Example of physical
quantity:
• Temperature
• Pressure
• Humidity
• Velocity
• Light
• Weight
• Airflow
• Sound
• Voltage
• Current
4
Physical Quantity (2)

• Every physical quantity found in nature like temperature, humidity,
pressure, force are analog in nature.

• A physical quantity is converted to electrical signal using tranducer
(sensor).
• These sensors produce output in voltage or current, both are in
analog form.
• We need to convert these analog quantities into digital to process it
using a microcontroller.
• This is done by using Analog to Digital Converters (ADC).
5
PIC18 ADC
• ADC in PIC18F45K22 microcontroller allows conversion
of an analog input signal to a 10-bit binary representation

of that signal.
• It has 28 channels which mean 28 analog input signals
can be converted simultaneously using this module.

• Terms for ADC process:
• Reference Voltage
• Resolution
• Step Size
• Conversion Time
• Digital Output
6
ADC Block Diagram
Note: Additional ADC channels AN5-AN7 and AN20-AN27 are

only available on PIC18(L)F4XK22 devices.
7
ADC Reference Voltage

• The reference voltage specifies the minimum and
maximum voltage range of analog input.
• There are two reference voltage: Vref- and Vref+.
• The Vref- specifies the minimum input voltage of analog
input while the Vref+ specifies the maximum.
Vref = Vref+ - Vref-

8
ADC Resolution (1)

• The resolution specified in bits and determines how many
distinct output codes/number of steps (2n) the converter is

capable of producing.
• ADC has n-bit resolution, with n = 8,10,12,16,24.
• An 8-bit ADC produces 28 or 256 output codes.
• A 10-bit ADC produces 1024 (210) output codes.
• A 16-bit ADCs produces 65,536 (216) output codes.
• The resolution indicates how much the reference voltage
can be divided.
9
ADC Resolution (1)

• For a 10 bit resolution ADC, it is possible to divide up to
1024 (210) voltages.
• For a 4.096V reference voltage, the minimum voltage will
be 4.096 V/1024 = 4 mV.
• This means 4mV in the analog pin will be detected as 1
and 8mV will be 2 (10 in binary).
• It can’t detect the difference between 1mV and 3mV since
both will be detected as 0.
• This is where the resolution comes into the picture.
• The more the resolution is, ADC will be better at detecting
the small voltage changes.
10
ADC Step Size (1)

n-bit Number Step size (mV) - Step size is the smallest
ADC of steps with Vref=4.096V change
that can be detected by ADC.
8 256 4.096/256 = 16 - This specifies how accurately
the ADC measures the analog
10 1,024 4.096/1024 = 4 input signals.
12 4,096 4.096/4096 = 1 -The higher resolution provides a
smaller step size.
16 65,536 4.096/65536 = 0.0625
Number of Steps = 2n
Step size = Vref / Number of Steps
11
ADC Step Size (2)

Steps
4.096 1024
1023
1022
n bit ADC = 10, Vref = 4.096 V

4.096V will be divided to 1024 steps.
Step size = 4.096 V / 1024 = 4 mV
4
3
2
1
12
ADC Conversion Time & Output

ADC Conversion Time Digital Data Output
• Is defined as the time • DOUT = ADC digital data

taken by ADC to output (decimal)
convert the analog
input to a digital DOUT = Vin/step size
(binary) number.
13
ADC Registers
The module has five registers:
1. A/D Control Register 0 (ADCON0)
4. A/D Result High Register (ADRESH)
5. A/D Result Low Register (ADRESL)
6. ANSELx
7.VREFCON0
14
ADCON0
15
ADCON1
16
ADCON2
17
ANSELA
18
VREFCON0
19
ADC Configuration
• When configuring and using the ADC the following
functions must be considered:

• Port configuration
• Channel selection
• ADC voltage reference selection
• ADC conversion clock source Not covered in

this course.
• Interrupt control
• Results formatting
20
Port Configuration Channel Selection
• The ANSELx and • The CHS bits of the

TRISx registers ADCON0 register
configure the A/D port
determine which
pins.
channel is connected
• For analog input we
to ADC input.
make ANSx = 1 and
• AN0-AN27
TRISx = 1.
21
ADC Channel (AN0-AN27)

22
ADC Voltage Reference

• The PVCFG<1:0> and NVCFG<1:0> bits of the ADCON1
register control the positive and negative voltage

references.
The positive voltage The negative voltage
reference can be: reference can be:
1. VDD 1. VSS
2. The fixed voltage 2. An external voltage
reference (FVR BUF2) source (VREF-)
3. An external voltage
source (VREF+)
23
Result Formatting (1)

• The 10-bit A/D conversion result can be supplied in two
formats, left justified or right justified.

• The ADFM bit of the ADCON2 register controls the output
format.
24
Result Formatting (2)

25
LM35 (Temperature sensor)

• LM35 output is 10
mv/°C
Temp Output
(°C) (mV)
2 20
3 30
To ADC
5 50
10 100
25 250
50 500
100 1000
26
Relating ADC Value to Voltage (1)

• The ADC reports a ratiometric value.
• If Vref = 4.096V and n = 10, ADC assumes 4.096V is
1024 and anything less than 4.096V will be a ratio

between 0 and 1024.
27
Relating ADC Value to Voltage (2)

• If the analog voltage is 2.12V what will the ADC report as
a value?
1024 = x
4.096V 2.12V
1024 * 2.12V = x
4.096V
x = 530
28
ADC Output (1)

For an 10-bit ADC, we have Vref+ =
4.096V and Vref- = 0V. Calculate the Dout
if the analog input is:
(a) 4 mV
(b) 8 mV
(c) 12 mV
(d) 1V
(e) 2.5V
(e) 4V
(f) 4.096V
29
ADC Output (2)

Solution:
Number of steps = 210 = 1024
Step size = (4.096 – 0) /1024 = 4 mV
(a) Dout = 4 mV/4 mV = 1

(b)Dout = 8 mV/4 mV = 2 or 10
(c) Dout = 12 mV/4 mV = 3 or 11
(d)Dout = 1V/4 mV = 250 or 11111010
(e) Dout = 2.5V/4 mV = 625 or 1001110001
(f) Dout = 4V/4 mV = 1000 or 1111101000
(g) Dout = 4.096V/4 mV = 1024 or 1111111111
30
31
Example:
Find the value for ADCON0, ADCON1, ADCON2, ANSELA and
VREFCON0 with setting as below:
- ADC Channel = AN4
- Vref- = AVSS
- Vref+ = FVR BUF2 (1.024V)
- Right justified
- 20TAD
- FOSC / 64
Write program to show ADC output on Port D and Port B.
ADCON0 = 0b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _;
ADCON1 = 0b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _;
ADCON2 = 0b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _;
ANSELA = 0b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _;
VREFCON0 = 0b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _;
32
//Program ADC output on Port D and Port B

#include <xc.h>
void main (void)

{
TRISA5 = 1; //RA5 as analog input
TRISD = 0;
TRISB0 = 0;
TRISB1 = 0;
ANSELA = 0b_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; //Enable AN4

ADCON0 = 0b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; //On ADC Module, AN4
ADCON1 = 0b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; //Vref(+)=FVR, Vref(-)=AVss
ADCON2 = 0b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; //Right Justified, 20Tad, Fosc/64
VREFCON0 = 0b _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; //Vref(+)=1.024V
while(1)
{
ADCON0bits.GO_DONE = 1; //Start ADC conversion
while(ADCON0bits.GO_DONE == 1); //Wait until conversion finish
LATD = ADRESL; //Copy ADC result (bit 0 to 7) at LATD
LATB = ADRESH; //Copy ADC result (bit 8 to 9)to LATB
}
}

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1

What is Analog To Digital Conversion?

• It’s a process of capturing the analog electric signal (such

as sound captured by a microphone) and converting it to a

process is known as A/D or ADC (Analog-To-Digital

Physical Quantity (1)

Physical Quantity (2)

pressure, force are analog in nature.

of an analog input signal to a 10-bit binary representation

can be converted simultaneously using this module.

ADC Block Diagram

Note: Additional ADC channels AN5-AN7 and AN20-AN27 are

ADC Reference Voltage

• The Vref- specifies the minimum input voltage of analog

input while the Vref+ specifies the maximum.

Vref = Vref+ - Vref-

ADC Resolution (1)

distinct output codes/number of steps (2n) the converter is

• An 8-bit ADC produces 28 or 256 output codes.

• A 10-bit ADC produces 1024 (210) output codes.

• A 16-bit ADCs produces 65,536 (216) output codes.

• The resolution indicates how much the reference voltage

ADC Resolution (1)

ADC Step Size (1)

ADC Step Size (2)

n bit ADC = 10, Vref = 4.096 V

ADC Conversion Time & Output

• Is defined as the time • DOUT = ADC digital data

functions must be considered:

• ADC voltage reference selection

• ADC conversion clock source Not covered in

Port Configuration Channel Selection

• The ANSELx and • The CHS bits of the

ADC Channel (AN0-AN27)

ADC Voltage Reference

register control the positive and negative voltage

Result Formatting (1)

formats, left justified or right justified.

Result Formatting (2)

LM35 (Temperature sensor)

Relating ADC Value to Voltage (1)

• If Vref = 4.096V and n = 10, ADC assumes 4.096V is

1024 and anything less than 4.096V will be a ratio

Relating ADC Value to Voltage (2)

ADC Output (1)

ADC Output (2)

(a) Dout = 4 mV/4 mV = 1

Write program to show ADC output on Port D and Port B.

//Program ADC output on Port D and Port B

void main (void)

ANSELA = 0b_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _; //Enable AN4

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